HSB_VVAMS_10_1D_Inelastic_Collisions_ADA

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Activity 10 1-Dimensional Inelastic Collisions Introduction You may be familiar with the theory that an asteroid or comet collided with Earth and created conditions that caused the dinosaurs to become extinct. The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event was a sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth approximately 66 million years ago. It marked the end of the Cretaceous period, and with it the end of the entire Mesozoic Era, opening the Cenozoic Era that continues today. Take a minute to consider that collision. This is not a tidy event where two carts bounce off one another. These two objects were fused together during this collision. When all was said and done, both objects—the Earth and the asteroid/comet—were heading the same direction at the same speed. In this activity, you will analyze a series of videos in which a cart in motion collides with another cart and afterward they are physically connected. (Sorry, no video is available from the Cretaceous period.) Objectives In this experiment, you will Use video analysis techniques to determine velocity and time data for two carts that are moving at a constant velocity before and after a collision. Evaluate the effect the collision has on the total quantities of velocity, momentum, and kinetic energy to determine if any are conserved. Materials Vernier Video Analysis app in a web browser on a computer, Chromebook, or mobile device Pre-Lab Investigation 1. Launch Vernier Video Analysis and import the movie "Colliding Carts 4." Play the movie once or twice to observe the motion of the carts. 2. Make a prediction of how the velocity vs . time graph will look for the motion of both carts, and sketch your prediction. 3. Click or tap File and choose New Experiment to import and view "Colliding Carts 5." Make a prediction as you did for the first video. Repeat for the "Colliding Carts 6" video. Vernier Video Analysis: Motion and Sports © Vernier Software & Technology 1

1-Dimensional Inelastic Collisions “Colliding carts 4” prediction sketch “Colliding carts 5” Prediction sketch “Colliding carts 6 sketch” 2 Vernier Video Analysis: Motion and Sports

1-Dimensional Inelastic Collisions (10 pts) Insert your answer here Procedure 1. Import the movie "Colliding Carts 4" again. Record the mass of each cart. This information is found in the first frame of the video. 2. Make the movie window large enough to easily see the carts. There are two ways to do this: 1) Click or tap the divider between the video and the other elements on the screen, and drag the divider to the right, or 2) use View to remove the graph and data table from view. 3. Set the origin and the scale in the video. a. Click or tap System. You will see new icons appear for Scale and Origin. Scale is already selected. b. Move the centers of the scale circles to align with the distance measurement in the first frame. c. Click or tap Origin. Place the origin in a location that makes sense to you. 4. In this part of the activity, you will mark the location of the left cart as it moves during the video. By default, each time you mark the cart's location, the movie advances by one frame. Vernier Video Analysis: Motion and Sports 3

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1-Dimensional Inelastic Collisions a. Click or tap Add. b. Decide where on the cart you will mark its location (e.g., center of the yellow dot, front corner, or other). It is important to be consistent when marking the location; always place the crosshairs on the same location on the cart. c. Position the crosshairs at the chosen location on the cart, and then click or tap to add the first point. Note : If you are using a phone or tablet, once you place the crosshairs you can tap anywhere in the video frame. d. Continue adding points until the end of the video. Should you wish to edit a point, click or tap Edit. This allows you to move or delete a mismarked point. Note : In order to be sure you are moving the correct dot, click or tap Trails to hide all the marked points except the one in the frame you are viewing. 5. Mark the location of the right cart, which is initially at rest. a. Click or tap Reset Video to set the video to the beginning. b. Click or tap Objects then click or tap +ADD NEW OBJECT . c. Follow the same procedure as you did in Step 4 to mark the right cart. While the cart is at rest, click or tap Trails: doing so will make it easier to see each new data point. 6. Use View to display the graph and data table and hide the video. 7. Vernier Video Analysis defaults to display both the x and y positions of marked objects as a function of time. For this experiment, we are interested in the x component of the velocity of the carts. To change which data are displayed, click or tap the vertical axis label to open the Plot Manager. Turn on X Velocity and X2 Velocity, and turn off all other plots. Analysis 1. Examine the graph of X Velocity vs . time and X2 Velocity vs . time. Identify and record the initial and final velocities for both carts. (5 pts.) Insert your answer here (x velocity)Left cart’s initial velocity: 0.6 m/s (x velocity)Left cart’s final velocity: 0.29 m/s (X2 velocity)Right cart’s initial velocity :0.00 m/s (X2 velocity)Right cart’s final velocity: 0.28 m/s 4 Vernier Video Analysis: Motion and Sports

1-Dimensional Inelastic Collisions 2. Create calculated columns for momentum ( mv ) and kinetic energy (½ mv 2 ) for each cart. Start by creating momentum and kinetic energy columns for one the left cart: a. In the data table, click or tap Column Options for the X Velocity column and choose Add Calculated Column. b. Enter Momentum as the name of the column and kg*m/s as the units. c. Click or tap Insert Expression and select the expression A*X^B. d. In the Parameter A field, enter the mass of the cart (in kilograms). e. Verify that X Velocity has been selected for Column X. f. Verify that "1" is entered in the Parameter B field. g. Click or tap Apply. h. Using the following information, repeat Steps a–g to create a calculated column for kinetic energy: Enter Kinetic Energy as the name and J as the units. Use the same expression, but enter ½ of the mass for Parameter A and 2 for Parameter B. i. Using the following information, repeat Steps a–h to create momentum and kinetic energy columns for the right cart. Vernier Video Analysis: Motion and Sports 5

1-Dimensional Inelastic Collisions Column Options in the X2 Velocity column. Enter Momentum 2 as the name for the momentum column and Kinetic Energy 2 as the name for the kinetic energy column. In the following steps you will create new columns to calculate the total velocity, total momentum, and total kinetic energy. 3. Create a calculated column for total velocity. a. In the data table, click or tap Column Options for the X Velocity column and choose Add Calculated Column. b. Enter Total Velocity as the name of the column and m/s as the units. c. Click or tap Insert Expression and select the expression X+Y. d. Verify that X Velocity has been selected for Column X. e. From the dropdown menu for Column Y, select X2 Velocity. f. Click or tap Apply. 4. Create a calculated column for total momentum: a. In the data table, click or tap Column Options for the Momentum column and choose Add Calculated Column. b. Enter Total Momentum as the name and kg*m/s as the units. c. Click or tap Insert Expression and select X+Y. d. Use Momentum as the X column and Momentum 2 as the Y column. Click or tap Apply. 5. Create a calculated column for total kinetic energy: a. In the data table, click or tap Column Options for the Kinetic Energy column and choose Add Calculated Column. b. Enter Total Kinetic Energy as the name and J as the units. c. Click or tap Insert Expression and select X+Y. d. Use Kinetic Energy as the X column and Kinetic Energy 2 as the Y column. Click or tap Apply. 6. Determine what quantities are conserved through the collision. That is to say, is the total velocity, total momentum, and/or total kinetic energy the same before and after the collision? Perform this analysis by graphing the total quantities. (10 pts.) Insert a screencap of your graph and insert your answer here. 6 Vernier Video Analysis: Motion and Sports

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1-Dimensional Inelastic Collisions Vernier Video Analysis: Motion and Sports 7

1-Dimensional Inelastic Collisions (5 pts.) Save your experiment file (vmbl) for this cart and submit it with your completed instruction sheet. 8 Vernier Video Analysis: Motion and Sports

1-Dimensional Inelastic Collisions 7. Repeat the procedure and analysis for the "Colliding Carts 5" and "Colliding Carts 6" videos. (15 pts.) Insert your answer for step 1 and step 6 for the colliding carts 5 video here. Left cart’s initial velocity: 0.41 m/s Left cart’s final velocity: 0.14 m/s Right cart’s initial velocity: 0.00 m/s Right carts final velocity: 0.19 m/s (5 pts.) Save your experiment file (vmbl) for this cart and submit it with your completed instruction sheet. (15 pts.) Insert your answer for step 1 and step 6 for the colliding carts 6 video here. (X Velocity) Left cart’s Initial velocity: 0.54 m/s / (X velocity)Left carts final velocity: 0.10 m/s (X 2velocity) Right cart’s initial velocity: 0.00 m/s (X2 velocity) Right cart’s final velocity: 0.11 m/s Vernier Video Analysis: Motion and Sports 9

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1-Dimensional Inelastic Collisions (5 pts.) Save your experiment file (vmbl) for this cart and submit it with your completed instruction sheet. 8. Summarize your results for all three videos and provide a hypothesis as to why certain quantities are conserved and others are not. In an Inelastic collision the momentum of the system is conserved. Any momentum that was lost from the left cart was gained in the right cart or vis versa in each different situation. In each video before the collision the left cart was always moving faster. but after the collision the right cart would always end up moving faster. I also noticed that each cart stuck together after impact. (10 pts.) Insert your answer here. 10 Vernier Video Analysis: Motion and Sports

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