Lab 5 Geometric Optics (02)

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Lab 5: Geometric Optics Part A Theory Please study the concept of geometric optics to answer the following questions. 1. What is the image, real image, and virtual image? 2. Write and describe thin lens equation, lens make’s equation, and magnification equation. Give the meaning of positive or negative sign for each quantity. 3. A converging lens has magnitude radius of curvature R = 78 cm for both surfaces and refractive index n = 1.60. An object is placed 35.0 cm from the lens. Find focal length f, the image distance q, magnification M, and describe the image. 4. Two thin lenses of one converging lens f 1 = 30.0 cm and one diverging lens f 2 = − 20.0 cm are separated by d = 10.0 cm as illustrated in the figure. An object is placed 45.0 cm to the left of lens. Find the position and the magnification of the final image.

Part B Lab Go to PhET website. Click on Simulation/Physics. Under Physics, choose Light & Radiation. Under Light & Radiation, Geometric Optics is the first simulation (Location might change. Sort by A-to-Z search.). Click to run Geometric Optics . Test and understand all functional tools on screen. You must practice figuring out what is the best way to complete the measurement. Data Table 1: Image by Converging (Convex) Lens with Fixed Focal Length f. Basic Operation Procedures Using Geometric Optics/Lens Simulation: 1. Go to PhET website. Click on Simulation/Physics. Under Physics, choose Light & Radiation to locate the Geometric Optics simulation (sort by A-to-Z search.). Click to run Geometric Optics/Lens . 2. Keep the default for Converging Lens (Lens symbol at the middle top of screen). Place check marks on Principal Rays (bottom left screen), Focal Points, Virtual Image, and Labels (bottom right screen). Adjust the Diameter of Lens to max D = 120 cm (bottom screen). Place cursor on pencil (object on left side) and move up till eraser touching the Optical Axis (central line), as shown in Sample Figure 1. 3. Keep default values for Curvature Radius R = 80 cm (R 1 = 80 cm and R 2 = −80 cm) and Index of Refraction n = 1.5 (bottom mid screen). Calculate the focal length f by Lens Maker’s Equation 1/f = (n – 1) • (1/R 1 – 1/R 2 ). Note: You can verify it, f = 80 cm. 4. Drag ruler out of Toolbox. Arrange object to object position s (sample s = 200 cm), as shown in Sample Figure 1. 5. Using ruler to measure image position s’ (sample s’ = 133cm), as shown in Sample Figure 1. Record the measured image position s’ in Table 1. 6. Calculate/record the image position s C ’ by Thin Lens Equation s C ‘ = s•f /(s − f) (sample s C ‘ = s•f /(s − f) = 200•(80)/(200−80) = +133.3cm). 7. Calculate the Magnification M by M =−s’/s (sample row 1 as M =−s’/s −133cm/200cm = − 0.67). Evaluate the type of image (sample row 1 as Real , Reduced, Inverted). The row-1 data in Table 1 is shown as sample. 8. Repeat steps 4 to 7 for setting object position s to 180 cm, 140 cm, and 44 cm, respectively. Record your data in Data Table 1. Attach screenshots of each Simulation data to lab report.

Data Table 1: Image by Converging (Convex) Lens with Fixed Focal Length f. Using s and f to calculate image position s C ’: s C ’ = sf/(s−f), focal length f = 80 cm. Calculate magnification M: M =−s’/s Comment type of image: Real or Virtual, Enlarged or Reduced, Inverted or Upright Attach screenshots of each Simulation data to lab report. s (cm) s’ (cm) s C ’ = s•f /(s−f) (cm) M =−s’/s Image Type 200 133 133.3 -0.67 Real, Reduced, Inverted 180 140 44 Questions: • Show your work on calculation of focal length f if Curvature Radius of lens R = 40 cm and n = 1.50. (Note: R 1 positive and R 2 negative, why?)

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• Give detailed calculation/explanation the type of image if f = 40 cm and s = 22 cm. Data Table 2: Images by Converging Lens with Different Focal Length f Basic Operation Procedures Using Geometric Optics/Lens Simulation: 1. Go to PhET website. Click on Simulation/Physics. Under Physics, choose Light & Radiation to locate the Geometric Optics simulation (sort by A-to-Z search.). Click to run Geometric Optics/Lens . 2. Keep the default for Converging Lens (Lens symbol at the middle top of screen). Place check marks on Principal Rays (bottom left screen), Focal Points, Virtual Image, and Labels (bottom right screen). Adjust the Diameter of Lens to max D = 120 cm (bottom screen). Place cursor on pencil (object on left side) and move up till eraser touching the Optical Axis (central line), as shown in Sample Figure 2. 3. Adjust Curvature Radius R = 80 cm and Index of Refraction n = 1.53 (bottom mid screen). Drag ruler out of Toolbox to measure/record the focal length f (sample f = 76 cm), as shown in Sample Figure 2. Note You can calculate f by Lens Maker’s Equation 1/f = (n – 1) • (1/R 1 – 1/R 2 ) like in Table 1. 4. Use ruler out to arrange object to object position s (sample s = 200 cm), as shown in Sample Figure 2. 5. Use ruler to measure image position s’ (sample s’ = 121cm), as shown in Sample Figure 2. Record the measured image position s’ in Table 2. 6. Calculate the Magnification M by M =−s’/s (sample row 1 as M =−s’/s −121cm/200cm = − 0.605). The row1 data in Table 2 is shown as sample. 7. Repeat steps 3 to 6 for setting n, R, and s, respectively as specified in Table 2. Record your data in Data Table 2. Attach screenshots of each Simulation data to lab report.

Data Table 2: Images by Converging Lens with Different Focal Length f Adjust n and R. Measure f. Place object at position s (as listed Table). Measure image position s’. Calculate magnification M =−s’/s. Attach screenshots of each Simulation data to lab report. n R (cm) f (cm) s (cm) s’ (cm) M =−s’/s 1.53 80 76 200 121 - 0.605 1.80 80 200 1.63 83 110 1.63 98 40 Questions: • Show your work on calculation of focal length for the last two data rows. • Comment (give reasons) properties of image for the last two data rows.

Data Table 3: Images by Diverging (Concave) Lens with Fixed Focal Length f. Basic Operation Procedures Using Geometric Optics/Lens Simulation: 1. Go to PhET website. Click on Simulation/Physics. Under Physics, choose Light & Radiation to locate the Geometric Optics simulation (sort by A-to-Z search.). Click to run Geometric Optics/Lens . 2. Choose diverging lens symbol located at the middle top of the screen. Place check marks on Principal Rays (bottom left screen), Focal Points, Virtual Image, and Labels (bottom right screen). Keep the default Diameter of Lens D = 80 cm (bottom screen). Place cursor on pencil (object on left side) and move up till eraser touching the Optical Axis (central line), as shown in Sample Figure 3. 3. Keep default values for Radius of Curvature R = −80 cm (R 1 = −80 cm and R 2 = +80 cm) and Index of Refraction n = 1.5 (bottom mid screen). Calculate the focal length f by Lens Maker’s Equation 1/f = (n – 1) • (1/R 1 – 1/R 2 ). Note: You can verify it, f = −80 cm. 4. Drag ruler out of Toolbox. Arrange object to object position s (sample s = 200 cm), as shown in Sample Figure 3. 5. Use ruler to measure image position s’ (sample s’ = −57cm – due to virtual image), as shown in Sample Figure 3. Record the measured image position s’ in Table 3. 6. Calculate/record the image position s C ’ by Thin Lens Equation s C ‘ = s•f /(s − f) (sample s C ‘ = s•f /(s − f) = 200•(−80)/(200−(−80)) = −57.1cm). 7. Calculate the Magnification M by M =−s’/s (sample row 1 as M =−s’/s – (−57cm)/200cm = +0.285). Evaluate the type of image (sample row 1 as Virtual , Reduced, Upright). The row-1 data in Table 3 is shown as sample. 8. Repeat steps 4 to 7 for setting object position s to 180 cm, 140 cm, and 44 cm, respectively. Record your data in Data Table 3. Attach screenshots of each Simulation data to lab report.

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Data Table 3: Images by Diverging (Concave) Lens with Fixed Focal Length f. Using s and f to calculate image position s C ’: s C ’ = sf/(s−f), focal length f = −80 cm. Calculate magnification M: M =−s’/s Comment type of image: Real or Virtual, Enlarged or Reduced, Inverted or Upright Attach screenshots of each Simulation data to lab report. s (cm) s’ (cm) s C ‘ = s•f /(s − f) (cm) M = −s’/s Image Type 200 −57 −57.1 +0.285 Virtual, Reduced, upright 180 140 44 Questions: • Show your detailed work on calculation of focal length f if Radius of Curvature s R = −40 cm and n = 1.50. Why are R 1 negative and R 2 positive?

• Give detailed calculation/explanation the type of image for s = 44 cm and f = −80 cm. Part C Discovery Beyond what you have done with Geometric Optics Simulation, make a few new findings using different functions and tools, or give real life examples for lens and image. You can express your findings by data table, word, equations, and/or screenshot graph/Video, but do giving physics explanation. You could also design meaningful experiments and show them here. In Part C minimum 10 sentences are required.

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