Lab 4 Bending Light (02)

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Oklahoma State University *

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1114

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Physics

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Apr 3, 2024

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6

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LAB 4: BENDING LIGHT Part A Theory Please study the concept of ray optics to answer the following questions. 1. Define index of refraction n. Describe the equations related to law of reflection and law of refraction. 2. A light ray of wavelength 630 nm traveling through air is incident on a smooth glass (n = 1.530) at an angle of 50.0° to the normal. Find the angle of refraction θ 2 , the wavelength λ 2 of this light, and speed ʋ 2 of light in the glass. 3. Discuss total internal reflection and equation of critical angle θ c . 4. Find the critical angle for an air–glass boundary. (Assume the index of refraction of glass is 1.50.)
Part B Lab Go to PhET website. Click on Simulation/Physics. Under Physics, choose Light & Radiation. Under Light & Radiation, Bending Light is the 6th simulation (Location might change. Sort by A-to-Z search.). Click to run the Bending Light/More Tools . Test and understand all functional tools on screen. You must practice figuring out what is the best way to complete the measurement. Data Table 1: Measure Index of Refraction n and Speed of Light in this Medium. Basic Operation Procedures Using Bending Light/More Tools Simulation: 1. Go to PhET website. Click on Simulation/Physics. Under Physics, choose Light & Radiation to locate the Bending Light simulation (sort by A-to-Z search.). Click to run Bending Light/More Tools . 2. Place check marks on Ray (default), Normal (default), and Angles located on the bottom-left screen. Keep the default setting Material 1 index of refraction as air n 1 = 1.000 (above surface) and Material 2 (below surface) index of refraction as glass n 2M . as shown in Sample Figure 1. 3. Adjust incident Wavelength of light to λ 1 = 700 nm (top-left screen). Press the Red Button of the light source. Using the default incident angle θ 1 = 45 o , record the refracted angle θ 2 (sample θ 2 = 28.2 o ) and index of refraction n 2M (sample n 2M = 1.499 from Material 2), as shown in Sample Figure 1. 4. Calculate index of refraction n 2 by n 2 = n 1 sinθ 1 /sinθ 2 (sample n 2 = n 1 sinθ 1 /sinθ 2 = 1•sin45 o /sin28.2 o = 1.496). Calculate the light-speed ʋ 2 in n 2 medium by ʋ 2 = c / n 2 (c) (sample ʋ 2 = c / n 2 = c/1.496 = 0.668 c), as shown in Sample row-1 data in Table 1. Note: ʋ 2 = c / n 2 (c) is in unit of c, c = 3.0 x10 8 m/s speed in air. 5. Repeat steps 3 to 4 for setting Wavelength to 600 nm, 500 nm, and 400 nm, respectively. Record your data in Data Table 1. Attach screenshots of each Simulation data to lab report.
Data Table 1: Measure Index of Refraction n and Speed of Light in this Medium. Keep incident angle θ 1 = 45 o . Vary incident wavelength λ 1 (nm). Measure/record refracted angle θ 2 ( o ) and index of refraction n 2M in medium of glass. Calculate n 2 by Snell’s law: n 2 = n 1 sinθ 1 /sinθ 2 . Calculate speed of light in glass by ʋ 2 = c / n 2 (in unit of c), c is speed of light in vacuum: c = 3.0 x10 8 m/s. Attach screenshots of each Simulation data to Lab Report . λ 1 (nm) θ 2 ( o ) n 2M n 2 = n 1 sinθ 1 /sinθ 2 ʋ 2 = c / n 2 (c) 700 28.2 1.499 1.496 0.668 600 500 400 Questions: From data λ 1 = 700 nm in air, find the wavelength λ 2 and speed ʋ 2 in 2 nd medium . Calculate frequency in air and glass for λ 1 = 700 nm. When the incident λ 1 is changed, what quantities will change in 2 nd medium?
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Data Table 2: Measure Reflective and Refractive Intensity and Observe Total Internal Reflection Basic Operation Procedures Using Bending Light/More Tools Simulation: 1. Go to PhET website. Click on Simulation/Physics. Under Physics, choose Light & Radiation to locate the Bending Light simulation (sort by A-to-Z search.). Click to run Bending Light/More Tools . 2. Place check marks on Ray (default), Normal (default), and Angles located on the bottom-left screen. Adjust Top Material (Medium 1) to glass n 1 = 1.500 and Bottom Material (Medium 2) to air n 2 = 1.000. as shown in Sample Figure 2. 3. Keep the default incident wavelength λ 1 = 650 nm. Press the Red Button of the light source. 4. Adjust the laser till incident angle θ 1 of Table 2 (sample θ 1 = 20 o ). Measure/record refracted the refracted angle θ 2 ( o ) (sample θ 2 = 30.8 o ). 5. Drag Intensity sensor out of Toolbox to measure/record relative Intensity of reflected ray (top) as I 1 (sample 5.90%) and refracted ray (bottom) as I 2 (sample 94.1%), as shown in Sample Figure 2. 6. Calculate refracted angle θ 2 by Snell’s law: θ 2 ’ = sin −1 [(n 1 /n 2 )∙sinθ 1 ] (keep 4 significant figure for θ 2 ) (sample θ 2 ’ = sin −1 [(n 1 /n 2 )∙sinθ 1 ] = sin −1 [(1.5/1 )∙sin 20 o ] = 30.87 o ), as shown in Table 2. 7. Repeat steps 4 to 6 to set the incident angle to 30 o , 40 o , 41.8 o . and 42 o , respectively. Record your data in Data Table 2. Attach screenshots of each Simulation data to lab report.
Data Table 2: Measure Reflective and Refractive Intensity and Observe Total Internal Reflection Set λ 1 = 650 nm (this is default value). Adjust Top Material (Medium 1) to glass n 1 = 1.500 and Bottom Material (Medium 2) to air n 2 = 1.000. Set incident angle θ 1 . Measure refracted angle θ 2 ( o ). Drag Intensity sensor to measure relative Intensity of reflected ray (top) as I 1 and refracted ray (bottom) as I 2 . Calculate refracted angle θ 2 by Snell’s law: θ 2 ’ = sin −1 [(n 1 /n 2 )∙sinθ 1 ] (keep 4 significant figure) Attach screenshots of each Simulation data to lab report. θ 1 ( o ) θ 2 ( o ) I 1 (%) I 2 (%) θ 2 ( o ) (4s.f.) 20 30.8 o 5.90 94.1 30.87 o 30 40 41.8 42 Questions: Based on your data, what is your comment for θ 1 > 41.8 o ? If n 1 = 1.600 (medium 1) and n 2 = 1.000 (Medium 2), calculate the critical angle θ C ( o ) (showing value with 4 significant figures) of total internal reflection by Snell’s law.
Part C Discovery Beyond what you have done with Bending Light/More Tools Simulation, make few new findings such changing medium, or give real life examples for bending light. You can express your findings by data table, word, equations, and/or screenshot graph/Video, but do giving physics explanation. You could also design meaningful experiments and show them here. In Part C minimum 10 sentences are required.
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