PHY 112 Lab 1

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Apr 3, 2024

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Michaela Blackmore #14371 2/04/2024 Lab 1: Columb’s Law Question: The purpose of this lab is to observe the relationship between static-electric force and distance between charged particles. This will be tested through a charged balloon to apply a static-electric repelling force to a charged pith ball suspended from a string. A graphical analysis method can be used to determine the relationship to Coulomb’s Law. Materials: - Ballon - Fishing Line - Pith Ball - Fine Needle - Tape - Tape Measure - Hair Procedures: A pith ball was suspended (mass=0.01g) from two equal lengths of fishing line (0.15m) so it is unable to move side to side. The vertical distance between the surface where the fishing line attaches to the pith ball suspended below was measured(L= 6.0inches). The balloon was inflated. The balloon was then rubbed on hair to create static and a negative net charge. The balloon was then presented to the pith ball at varying distances (d), ensuring that the balloon was the only object to make contact with the pith ball. It was observed that the pith ball repelled and the distance of repulsion was recorded and repeated 5 times as the value d. Photos:

Michaela Blackmore #14371 2/04/2024 Data: Pith Ball Mass: 0.01g or 0.00001kg (1x10^-5) Distance from start of fishing line to pith ball (L): 0.15 meters Table 1. Trial r= Distance from balloon to pith ball (m) d= Distance Pith Ball Moved (m) Fstatic (N) 1/r^2 (1/m^2) 1 0.03 0.083 0.00005423 1111 2 0.04 0.072 0.00004707 625 3 0.05 0.060 0.00003920 400 4 0.06 0.054 0.00003528 277 5 0.07 0.038 0.00002483 204 6 0.08 0.024 0.00001568 156 Table 1. Table 1 shows each trial 1-6 and the values for the distance from the balloon to the pith ball with its correlating distances that the pith ball moved. Table 1 also shows the Fstatic value calculated, shown in calculations, and the inverse 1/r^2.

Michaela Blackmore #14371 2/04/2024 Calculations and Graphs: Fstatic= (mg)(d/L) g is 9.8 N/kg. Trial 1: Fstatic= (0.00001kg * 9.8N/kg) 0.083m / 0.15m= 0.00005423N Trial 2: Fstatic= (0.00001kg * 9.8N/kg) 0.072m / 0.15m= 0.00004707N Trial 3: Fstatic= (0.00001kg * 9.8N/kg) 0.060m / 0.15m= 0.00003920N Trial 4: Fstatic= (0.00001kg * 9.8N/kg) 0.054m / 0.15m= 0.00003528N Trial 5: Fstatic= (0.00001kg * 9.8N/kg) 0.038m / 0.15m= 0.00002483N Trial 6: Fstatic= (0.00001kg * 9.8N/kg) 0.024m / 0.15m= 0.00001568N Calculate 1/r^2: Trial 1: 1/ 0.03^2 = 1111 1/m^2 Trial 2: 1/ 0.04^2 = 625 1/m^2 Trial 3: 1/ 0.05^2 = 400 1/m^2 Trial 4: 1/ 0.06^2 = 277 1/m^2 Trial 5: 1/ 0.07^2 = 204 1/m^2 Trial 6: 1/ 0.08^2 = 156 1/m^2 Graph 1:

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Michaela Blackmore #14371 2/04/2024 Graph 2: Results: Graph 1. Shows the relationship between the distance of the charged balloon to the pith ball measured in meters to the amount of static force observed. The further the distance, the smaller the static force observed. The graph shows a decreasing pattern. Graph 2. Shows the relationship between the distance between charges, represented by 1/r^2 and the force created by static or Fstatic, measured in N. It is observed in the graph, that there is an increasing correlation and as the distance between the charges increases, the static force also increases. Conclusions: This lab was utilized to elucidate Coulomb’s Law and was observed using a series of trials and graphical analysis. To obtain results, a pith ball was suspended and a balloon was used to generate status-electric force towards the ball, causing the ball to travel creating distance between two charged particles. Rubbing the balloon on hair caused the balloon to generate static and obtain a negative charge. As the balloon was presented to the pith ball at varying distances(r), some of the charge from the static generated by rubbing the balloon transferred to the pith ball. This transfer of electrons from balloon to ball causes both objects to be negative. Like charges repel each other, which was observed in the experiment confirming the transfer of charges between the particles. This is relevant to the experiment because if one object was positive and the other negative, opposite charges, then we would have observed the pith ball

Michaela Blackmore #14371 2/04/2024 being attracted to the balloon instead of repelling. The static force of the repulsion of the ball was then calculated by measuring the distance the ball traveled (d). Fstatic was calculated for each trial using Fstatic= (mg)(d/L) and inputting the dependent variable d, distance traveled by pith ball. These values can be observed in Table 1, which shows each trial, the distance from balloon to pith ball, how much the pith ball traveled, the static force generated and the inverse (1/r^2). These values were then generated into two graphs, 1 and 2, that show the relationship between the static force generated, Fstatic (N), and the distance from the balloon to pith ball (r ) and Fstatic (N) and 1/r^2. Graph 1 shows the relationship between the distance of the charged balloon to the pith ball measured in meters to the amount of static force observed. The further the distance, the smaller the static force observed. Graph 2 shows the relationship between the distance between charges, represented by 1/r^2 and the force created by static or Fstatic, measured in N. It is observed in the graph, that there is an increasing correlation and as the distance between the charges increases, the static force also increases. These graphs visualize Coulomb’s Law because the inverse square distance between the pith ball and balloon are proportional to the static electric force, as seen by the linear format of Graph 2. The results are significant because they prove Coulomb’s Law. In any experiment, there is room for error. In the set up of my lab, the string was attached to a shelf and the pith ball was suspended. It may be possible that my setup was too close to the wall, which could have interfered with the transfer of charges or how the static-electric force applied to the ball from the balloon. It is also very possible that charge was lost from the balloon at any time during the experiment. Generating and maintaining static force can be a violent variable because with movement, touch or too much time passing in between trials, the balloon may have lost static electric charge. Error may have also occurred when measuring distance traveled. The reactions were quick and hard to hold a measuring tape to without interfering. I believe that error can be seen in the graph analysis as well. In Graph 2, although liner, the beginning portion is slightly curved down. This may have been caused by error. Analysis Questions Response : Answer the following analysis questions: 1. If you were to repeat this experiment using the same r values that you used in your original trial, you are unlikely to get the same exact force values. You should, however, still get the same relationship between force and distance r . Explain why this is true. (Hint ̶ What other factors might affect the static-electric force?) If I was to repeat this experiment using the same r values that I used in my original trial, I would not get the same exact force values that were observed. This is because there is no way to control the static-electric force created by the balloon. There is no gauge for how much static is generated to the balloon so it is an uncontrollable variable. The relationship will stay the same between force and distance r regardless because the force is what is causing the distance by pushing against gravity, so they will always be correlated.

Michaela Blackmore #14371 2/04/2024 2. If the distance between the balloon and the pith ball doubles, what will happen to the static-electric force? Explain your answer. If the distance between the balloon and pith ball doubles, the static-electric force will decrease. This is because the greater the distance, the less static-electrical force is generated to move the pith ball. The static-electric force is proportional to the inverse square of distance so it is expected that it will decrease 4x. References Urone, P.P. & Hinrichs, R. (2012). 18.3 Coulomb’s Law. In College Physics. OpenStax. Urone, P.P. & Hinrichs, R. (2012). 18.1 Static Electricity and Charge: Conservation of Charge. In College Physics. OpenStax.

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