Lab 10 Photons Physics 222 Kassidy Schanzlin

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Kassidy Schanzlin Physics 222 kschanzl@vols.utk.edu 11/15/2023 Lab 10: Photons and Matter Waves Goal: Determine if light is a particle and investigate the effect photoelectrons have. In addition, determine what effects ejected protons and the energy supplied from it. (a) Exploration 1:  For a fixed number of photons and zero battery voltage , how does the number of photoelectrons ejected depend on the wavelength? Does every photon eject an electron? Does the probability of ejection change with wavelength? Discuss! o There is a negative correlation between the number of photoelectrons and wavelength. As the wavelengths increase the rate of ejection decreases. Therefore, as the wavelength increases there is a lower chance of an ejection for each photon.  For a fixed wavelength and zero battery voltage , how does the current depend on the light intensity? Discuss! o When light intensity increases, so does the photons. This causes the current to increase.  For a fixed wavelength and light intensity , how does the current depend on the battery voltage? o Depending on if the voltage is positive, negative or zero it will determine the current. For example, if the voltage is Positive the current will be positive. If the voltage is negative or zero, the current will equal 0.  For a fixed wavelength and light intensity , do all ejected electrons have the same energy? How can you measure the maximum energy of the ejected electrons. o The energy is the same which can be changed depending on the forces acted upon. For example, if there is an outside force or collision it can eject electrons. The formula used is E=hf minus energy required for ejection of electrons. Wavelength (nm) Frequency (s -1 ) Maximum Electron Energy (eV) 150 2.00e15 6 200 1.50e15 4 300 1.00e15 1.8 400 0.75e15 .8 500 0.60e15 .2

Insert your table into your Word document.  Copy the table into your Word document.  What value did you obtain for h in units of eV s and J s? o The value obtained was 4E^15eV and 6.5E^-34J.  How does this value compare with the accepted value h = 6.626*10 −34 J s = 4.136*10 −15 eV s? o My values are very accurate and are close in values.  Describe how the maximum energy of the photoelectrons depends on the wavelength of the incident light. o Maximum energy of the photoelectrons depends on the wavelength of the incident light because as wavelength increases the maximum energy tends to decrease.  Defend whether this experiment supports a wave, or a quantum model of light based on your lab results. o This experiment supports the quantum model of light because we measured light as the max energy of photons ejected from photons. Experiment 2: 1st ring (d100) 2nd ring (d110) d (m) 2.10E-10 1.21E-10 L (m) 0.135 0.135 D (m) .025 .044 z .013 .20 λ = dz/L 2.05E^-10 1.93E^-11 Discuss your results.  Copy the table into your Word document.  Do the two values for λ agree within experimental uncertainty? o My values are relatively close and do agree within the experimental of uncertainty. They are not exact due to human error and rounding issues, but they are similar.  What do you think contributes most to the experimental uncertainty? o I think the values being on the screen and not being the clearest make the number off. Rounding is another issue as I rounded to the nearest tenth. If this experiment was performed in person and you could read the values more accurately than it would be closer.  Is your experimental value of λ close to the expected de Broglie wavelength of the electrons?

o My experimental value of wavelength is expected as my values were almost the same and very close.  Does this experiment convince you that electrons do not behave like classical particles, or can you think of a classical explanation for your results? o This experiment makes me believe that electrons do not behave like classical particle because. Based on my calculations the values are like the defend rings observed. Conclusion: Overall, this experiment allowed me to understand quantum mechanics. I did not know much about quantum mechanics until this module. Through quantum mechanics one can see how we can relate physics to real life situations. It allows us to explain phenomena’s found in public. Specifically, it is in technology such as MRI scanners for medical imaging or even things like a fluorescent light bulb used in everyday households. We can see how relatively easy it is to understand as during the experiment we did calculations and had values like expected values proving that electrons do not behave like classic particles. In experiment 1, we used the stimulation to compose of individual photons through a light beam. Switching around the controls and number of photons allowed us to compare the different graphs. Throughout the table we were able to conduct a graph which showed the trendline of the wavelength, frequency, and electron energy. We were able to compare these values and see that as wavelength increase the rate of ejection or number of electrons ejected decreases. In experiment 2, we were able to leave the matter behaves differently on a scale of a few nanometers. The de Broglie relation associates wavelength with each particle allowing us to determine that the electrons do not behave like classical particles. Overall, the only error I had with this experiment was being able to read the images as they were blurry on my computer screen, and it was hard to get an accurate measurement but based off my values they were similar and in range.

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