Student Exploration Sheet

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Toronto Metropolitan *

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Physics

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Jun 19, 2024

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Name: ______________________________________ Date: ________________________ Student Exploration: Air Track Vocabulary: air track, approach velocity, conservation of energy, conservation of momentum, elasticity, kinetic energy, momentum, separation velocity, velocity Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo .) Imagine going to a bowling alley with a bowling ball and a ping pong ball. 1. Why is a bowling ball better for knocking down pins than a ping pong ball? Because a bowling ball has more mass and therefore more force when coming at the pins to have a better chance of knocking them down if in right direction. 2. Which do you think would knock down more pins, a bowling ball moving 10 meters per second or a bowling ball moving 10 centimeters per second? The 10m/s because the force would be a lot more because F=ma 3. What two factors seem to most affect the amount of damage that occurs in a collision? the mass and velocity of the objects affect how much damage is done in a collision Gizmo Warm-up An air track is a device that helps scientists study motion. Air comes out of holes in the track, allowing the gliders to move with minimal friction. 1. On the Air Track Gizmo™, click Play ( ) to view a collision between the two gliders. What do you see? The gliders hit eatchother then bounce back the way the originally came from 2. Click Reset ( ). The velocity ( v ) of an object describes its speed and direction. The velocity of each glider is indicated next to the v 1 and v 2 sliders. Click Play, and then click Pause ( ) just before the collision. A. What is the velocity of Glider 1 ? 5.0 m/s B. In which direction does Glider 1 move? Left -> right

C. What is the velocity of Glider 2 ? -5.0 m/s D. In which direction does Glider 2 move? Right -> left

Activity A: Momentum Get the Gizmo ready: • Click Reset . Question: How does an object’s momentum change when it collides with another object? 1. Explore: The Gizmo allows you to adjust the mass and initial velocity of each glider. Set up each of the following scenarios, and describe what happens when the gliders collide. A. The gliders have the same mass but different velocities. __The gliders appear to exchange velocities B. The gliders have the same mass and one glider is stationary. ___The collision causes the moving glider to stop as the other glider moves away C. The gliders have the same velocity (but in opposite directions) and different masses. After the collision, the less massive glider moves away much more quickly then other glider 2. Calculate: An object ’ s momentum ( p ) describes how hard it is to stop. Momentum is equal to the product of mass and velocity: p = mv . If mass is measured in kilograms and velocity in meters per second, the unit of momentum is kilograms-meters per second, or kg • m/s. A. What is the momentum if the mass is 1.5 kg and the velocity is 4 m/s? 6 kg • m/s Turn on Show numerical data and use the Gizmo to check your answer. B. How could you use the Gizmo to increase a glider’s momentum? The sliders can increase mass or velocity of glider (or both) 3. Gather data: Click Reset . Set m 1 to 3.0 kg and v 1 to 2.0 m/s. Set m 2 to 2.0 kg and v 2 to -4.0 m/s. Fill in the left table, run the collision, and then fill in the right table. Before collision Glider Glider 1 Glider 2 Mass 3.0 kg 2.0 kg Velocity 2.0 m/s -4.0 m/s Momentum 6.0 kg•m/s -8.0 kg•m/s After collision Glider Glider 1 Glider 2 Mass 3.0 kg 2.0 kg Velocity -2.8 m/s 3.2 m/s Momentum -8.4 kg•m/s 6.4 kg•m/s (Activity A continued on next page)

Activity A (continued from previous page) 4. Calculate: To find the total momentum, add up the momentum of each glider. (Note: Pay attention to signs.) A. What was the total momentum of the two gliders before the collision? -2.0 kg•m/s B. What was the total momentum of the two gliders after the collision? -2.0 kg•m/s Turn on Show total momentum to check your answers. 5. Experiment: Click Reset . Set up three collisions using any combination of masses and velocities you like. (The only rule is that the gliders must collide.) Record the mass, velocity, and momentum of each glider before and after the collision. Then, find the total momentum. Remember to include units. Glider 1 Glider 2 Total momentum m v p m v p Before collision 1.0 kg 4.0 m/s 4.0 kg•m/s 3 kg -9 m/s -27.0 kg•m/s -23 kg•m/s After collision 1.0 kg 4.0 m/s -15.5 kg•m/s 3 kg -9 m/s -7.5 kg•m/s -23 kg•m/s Before collision 2.5 kg 6.0 m/s 15.0 kg•m/s 1.5 kg -3 m/s -4.5 kg•m/s 10.5 kg•m/s After collision 2.5 kg 6.0 m/s -1.9 kg•m/s 1.5 kg -3 m/s 12.4 kg•m/s 10.5 kg•m/s Before collision 3.0 kg 10.0 m/s 30.0 kg•m/s 0.5 kg -10 m/s -5.0 kg•m/s 25.0 kg•m/s After collision 3.0 kg 10.0 m/s 12.9 kg•m/s 0.5 kg -10 m/s 12.1 kg•m/s 25.0 kg•m/s 6. Analyze: What do you notice about the total momentum of the two gliders? _____________ Total momentum before collision is equal 2 momentum of gliders after the collision 7. Draw conclusions: The principle of conservation of momentum states that, in a closed system, the total momentum of all of the objects will remain constant. How do your experiments demonstrate conservation of momentum? In each experiment the total momentum of the two gliders does not change.

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