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Review When two waves overlap, the displacement of the medium is the sum of the displacements of the two individual waves. This is the principle of _______ A. Constructive interference B. Destructive interference C. Standing waves D. Superposition A point on a standing wave that is always stationary is ______ A. Maximum B. Minimum C. Node D. Antinode You can decrease the frequency of a standing wave on a string by A. Making the string longer. B. Using a thicker string. C. Decreasing the tension. D. All of the above We describe sound waves in terms of pressure. Given this, for a standing wave in a tube open at each end, the open ends of the tube are A. Nodes. B. Antinodes. C. Neither nodes or antinodes. The interference of two sound waves of similar amplitude but slightly different frequencies produces a loud-soft-loud oscillation we call A. Constructive and destructive interference. B. The Doppler effect. C. Beats. D. Vibrato. Two wave pulses on a string approach each other at speeds of 1 m/s. How does the string look at t = 3 s?

Two waves on a string are moving toward each other. A picture at t = 0 s appears as follows: How does the string appear at t = 2 s? What is the wavelength of this standing wave? C. 1.0 m What is the mode number of this standing wave? B. 5 Which of the following changes will increase the frequency of the lowest frequency standing sound wave on a stretched string? B. Increasing the tension in the string A standing wave on a string vibrates as shown. Suppose the string tension is reduced to 1/ 4 its original value while the frequency and length are kept unchanged. Which standing wave pattern is produced? An open-open tube of air has length L. Which graph shows the m = 3 standing wave in this tube? An open-closed tube of air of length L has the closed end on the right. Which graph shows the m = 3 standing wave in this tube? The following tubes all support sound waves at their fundamental frequency. Which tube has the lowest fundamental frequency?

Which of the following changes will increase the frequency of the lowest-frequency standing sound wave in an open-open tube? Choose all that apply. A. Closing one end of the tube B. Replacing the air in the tube with helium C. Reducing the length of the tube D. Increasing the temperature of the air in the tube At room temperature, the fundamental frequency of an open-open tube is 500 Hz. If taken outside on a cold winter day, the fundamental frequency will be A. Less than 500 Hz B. 500 Hz C. More than 500 Hz Two speakers are emitting identical sound waves with a wavelength of 4.0 m. The speakers are 8.0 m apart and directed toward each other, as in the following diagram. At each of the noted points in the previous diagram, the interference is A. Constructive. B. Destructive. C. Something in between. Two loudspeakers emit sound waves with the same wavelength and the same amplitude. The waves are shown displaced, for clarity, but assume that both are traveling along the same axis. At the point where thedot is, A. The interference is constructive. B. The interference is destructive. C. The interference is somewhere between constructive and destructive. D. There’s not enough information to tell about the interference. Two loudspeakers emit sound waves with the same wavelength and the same amplitude. Which of the following would cause there to be destructive interference at the position of the dot? A. Move speaker 2 forward (right) 1.0 m B. Move speaker 2 forward (right) 0.5 m C. Move speaker 2 backward (left) 0.5 m D. Move speaker 2 backward (left) 1.0 m E. Nothing. Destructive interference is not possible in this situation.

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Two in-phase sources emit sound waves of equal wavelength and intensity. At the position of the dot, A. The interference is constructive. Two speakers emit sounds of nearly equal frequency, as shown. At a point between the two speakers, the sound varies from loud to soft. How much time elapses between two successive loud moments? B. 1.0 s You hear 2 beats per second when two sound sources, both at rest, play simultaneously. The beats disappear if source 2 moves toward you while source 1 remains at rest. The frequency of source 1 is 500 Hz. The frequency of source 2 is B. 498 Hz Sound waves spread out from two speakers; the circles represent crests of the spreading waves. The interference is C. Constructive at 1, destructive at 2. Any kind of wave spreads out after passing through a small enough gap in a barrier. This phenomenon is known as A. Antireflection. B. Double-slit interference. C. Refraction. D. Diffraction.

The wave model of light is needed to explain many of the phenomena discussed in this chapter. Which of the following can be understood without appealing to the wave model? A. Single-slit diffraction B. Thin-film interference C. Sharp-edged shadows D. Double-slit interference As the number of slits of a diffraction grating increases, the bright fringes observed on the viewing screen A. Get wider. B. Get narrower. C. Increase in number. D. Decrease in number. The colors of a soap bubble or oil slick are due to A. Diffraction. B. Two-slit interference. C. Thin-film interference. D. Huygens’ principle. Apertures for which diffraction is studied in this chapter are A. A single slit. B. A circle. C. A square. A light wave travels, as a plane wave, from air (n = 1.0) into glass (n = 1.5). Which diagram shows the correct wave fronts? A laboratory experiment produces a double-slit interference pattern on a screen. The point on the screen marked with a dot is how much farther from the left slit than from the right slit? C. 2.0 

A laboratory experiment produces a double-slit interference pattern on a screen. If the screen is moved farther away from the slits, the fringes will be A. Closer together. B. In the same positions. C. Farther apart. D. Fuzzy and out of focus. A laboratory experiment produces a double-slit interference pattern on a screen. If green light is used, with everything else the same, the bright fringes will be A. Closer together B. In the same positions. C. Farther apart. A laboratory experiment produces a double-slit interference pattern on a screen. If the slits are moved closer together, the bright fringes will be A. Closer together. B. In the same positions. C. Farther apart. In a laboratory experiment, a diffraction grating produces an interference pattern on a screen. If the number of slits in the grating is increased, with everything else (including the slit spacing) the same, then A. The fringes stay the same brightness and get closer together. B. The fringes stay the same brightness and get farther apart. C. The fringes stay in the same positions but get brighter and narrower. D. The fringes stay in the same positions but get dimmer and wider. E. The fringes get brighter, narrower, and closer together. A film with thickness t gives constructive interference for light with a wavelength in the film of film .  How much thicker would the film need to be in order to give destructive interference? D.  film / 4

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A film of oil (index of refraction n oil = 1.2) floats on top of an unknown fluid X (with unknown index of refraction n X). The thickness of the oil film is known to be very small, on the order of 10 nm. A beam of white light illuminates the oil from the top, and you observe that there is very little reflected light, much less reflection than at an interface between air and X. What can you say about the index of refraction of X? A. n X > 1.2 A laboratory experiment produces a single-slit diffraction pattern on a screen. If the slit is made narrower, the bright fringes will be A. Closer together. B. In the same positions. C. Farther apart. D. There will be no fringes because the conditions for diffraction won’t be satisfied. Each of the slits is separately illuminated by a broad laser beam. Which produces a broader brightly illuminated region on the screen at the right? A. The 1-cm-wide slit B. The 2-cm-wide slit A laboratory experiment produces a double-slit interference pattern on a screen. If the left slit is blocked, the screen will look like A laboratory experiment produces a single-slit diffraction pattern on a screen. The slit width is a and the light wavelength is 

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