PHIL 1120 Spring 2022 HW 2 (1)
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Philosophy
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Jan 9, 2024
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PHIL 1120.400
Spring 2022
Homework #2
Definitions
Identify the rule violated by each of the following definitions and explain how the definition
violates that rule. (The term being defined is
italicized
.) See textbook, section 2.9.
1.
Smiling
is something you do with your mouth.
This statement is too broad because although you do use your mouth to smile, there is more
to the definition.
Also, there are numerous things that you do with your mouth, not just
smiling.
2.
A
bank
is a business that produces banking services for profit.
This statement is circular because the word bank is being used in the definition.
3.
Love
is a feeling of passionate affection for another person.
This statement is too broad and too narrow because although it gives the definition of the
word love, it doesn’t give the full definition and the meaning we are given is only
towards someone.
Love can be towards anything, not just a person.
4.
A
coffee-shop
is a small restaurant in a big city.
This statement is too narrow because it fails to refer to the actual definition of a coffee
shop.
5.
A
semiquaver
is a musical note equal to half a quaver.
This statement is obscure because the definition is not being clearly explained, and some
people will not understand what the word quaver means.
Classify the following definitions as reportive, stipulative, or essentialist.
See
textbook, section 2.7.
1.Reportive
a. For the purposes of this report, ‘adult’ shall refer to
any individual over the age of 18.
2.Stipulative
b. Justice is whatever serves the interests of the
strong and powerful in society.
3.Essentialis
t
c. A train is a series of railroad cars pulled or pushed
by a locomotive.
1.
Reportive: A train is a series of railroad cars pulled or pushed by a locomotive.
2.
Stipulative: For the purposes of this report, ‘adult’ shall refer to any individual over the age of
18.
3.
Essentialist: Justice is whatever serves the interests of the strong and powerful in society.
Ambiguity
Each of the following sentences is ambiguous in some way. Rewrite the sentence to remove the
ambiguity. See textbook, section 3.2.
1.
The artist drew a gun.
On a piece of paper, the artist drew a gun.
2.
Jonah said he would come visit me last week.
Last week, Jonah said he would come over.
3.
Amina bumped her car into a lamppost, but it was not damaged.
Amina bumped her car into a lamppost, but the lamppost was not damaged.
4.
Visiting relatives can be boring.
It can be boring to visit relatives.
5.
I’ll give you a ring tomorrow.
I’ll give you a ring on the phone tomorrow.
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
State whether the italicized phrase in each of the following sentences identifies a necessary
condition or a sufficient condition. See textbook, section 3.8.
1.
You have to practice a lot
to become a concert pianist.
The italicized phrase is a necessary condition to become a concert pianist.
2.
If Marco baked it
, then it must be delicious.
The italicized phrase is a sufficient condition.
Analytic, Contradictory, and Synthetic Statements
Identify whether each sentence is analytic, contradictory, or synthetic. See textbook, section 3.4.
1.
There are more species of beetles than of any other kind of organism.
This is a synthetic statement.
2.
Everyone is equal, but some people are more equal than others.
This is a contradictory statement.
3.
A yard is longer than a foot.
This is an analytic statement.
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