CNPS365 Assignment 5
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School
University of British Columbia *
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Course
365
Subject
Philosophy
Date
Jan 9, 2024
Type
Pages
3
Uploaded by ProfessorMoonSeaLion20
1. Briefly distinguish the moral, ethical, and legal implications and specify to what degree they
follow more or less clear-cut, unambiguous standards or requirements?
Counsellors incorporate the moral, ethical, and legal implications in their practices. The
moral implication refers to the individualized standard of what is right or wrong. During practice,
counsellors identify the good and bad of the client’s behaviours and regulate their own
behaviours based on this standard. The external factors such as the culture, religion,
environment, past experiences, etc. shape the counsellor’s beliefs and values. As a result, the
moral implication is subjective and personal and the standards are not universally agreed-upon or
clear-cut.
The ethical implication is the guidelines or principles issued by local professional
organizations to ensure that counsellors are practicing in an ethically responsible way. The Code
of Ethics or the Standard of Conduct provide the ambiguous standards in the aspects of
client-counsellor relationship, beneficence, fidelity, justice, autonomy, non-maleficence,
confidentiality, etc. that counsellors need to keep in mind during practices. The standards vary
between organizations so clients have the freedom to choose counsellors with the membership of
the organization that matches with their standards.
The legal implication is the clear-cut and unambiguous standards, laws, and regulations
issued by local authorities or jurisdictions for counselling practices. It varies from place to place.
For example, there are no government authorities regulating counselling practices in BC. Thus,
counsellors are only regulated under the standards of the organization which they have a
membership with.
2. Briefly describe the components in Freud’s topographic and structural models of the mind.
Also, point out the connection between those two models.
Sigmund Freud’s theory includes two models to understand the human mind. The
topographic model describes the mind in three levels of consciousness. The conscious mind
contains the thoughts and feelings that people are currently aware of and have access to. For
example, something thinking about what they ate for lunch today. The preconscious mind
contains the thoughts and memories that people are not immediately aware of but can be easily
brought up to the conscious level. For example, someone forgot to grab milk when grocery
shopping until they saw another person checking out a curtain of milk at the register. The
unconscious mind contains the hidden thoughts, memories, and desires that are away from the
conscious awareness and hardly accessible to. It is often associated with traumatic experiences
and repressed feelings. For example, adults biting fingernails for no obvious reasons can be
associated with their unpleasant memories or experiences in the past.
The structural model describes the mind in three components. The id is the impulsive part
of the mind that is driven by people’s immediate feelings and desires without considering
societal or moral norms. For example, people choose to eat all the food when feeling hungry and
not saving for others. The ego is the conscious part of the mind that makes rational choices with
the consideration of both personal feelings and societal acceptance. For example, when someone
accidentally steps on your feet and apologizes, the ego allows you to accept the apology and not
step on the other person’s feet for revenge. The superego is the conscious part of the mind that
represents their internalized understanding of themselves, their ideal-self, the moral and societal
standards. For example, a mother is eager to steal money to fulfill desires, but as a mother, her
superego controls her to set a good example for her children and prevents her from stealing.
Both models work together to explain how unconsciousness affects conscious
experiences and behaviours. The unconscious mind shapes people’s desires at the id level, which
the ego controls these desires according to the superego's moral and societal standards.
3. How do Adlerian counsellors use clients’ early recollections as part of the lifestyle
assessment?
Adlerian counselors use early recollections to explore the client's past experiences and
how their current thoughts, behaviors, and lifestyle are shaped. At the initial stage of the
counselling, counsellors ask the client to provide early memories from their children, preferably
before the age of 10. Counsellors pay close attention to how the client delivers this early
recollection, their emotions, the content, etc. to discover the client’s feeling, beliefs, and values
about themselves and the world around them. As the client provides more early recollections,
counsellors discover if there are any patterns of the content or frequently recalled memories, as a
sign of significant experiences. Counsellors link how the significant experience influences the
client’s current behaviours, choices, beliefs, etc. For example, the client experienced bullying in
elementary school, thus the client is socially isolated and afraid of social interactions. Based on
the information collected and analyzed, counsellors set individualized goals for the client to
solve current problems in life.
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