D265 Guided Notes

D265 Guided Notes Section 1 e Define “proposition™ e Define “non-proposition”: e Complete the following exercises: o Categorize each of the following as a proposition or a non- proposition. = Let's go get lunch. » Lunch is the most important meal of the day. = How much did the lunch cost? » Lunch is not the most important meal of the day. = While there are many places that we could go for lunch, given that you are a vegetarian, we should go to that café on the corner. = Make sure you get enough to eat. e Define “simple proposition™: e Define “complex proposition”: e Complete the following exercises: 0 Break each complex proposition down into its simple propositions. = | am hungry, and | want to go to lunch. * You are not hungry, but you should come to lunch with me. = |fit costs too much, then | will not buy it. = While there are many places that we could go for lunch, given that you are a vegetarian, we should go to that café on the corner. e Define “argument”: e Define “non-argument”: e Complete the following exercises: o Classify the following as an argument or a non-argument. » Apples are healthy, Therefore, you should eat apples.

» They bought the apples because they are healthy. » The little boy went to the moon. He sprinkled fairy dust on his feet, and he flew into the sky. He liked his time on the moon. = | know that we never landed on the moon because the footage looks weird to me. e Define “premise™: e Define “conclusion”: e Complete the following exercises: 0 Separate each argument into its premises and conclusion. = We need to eat more apples. After all, the doc told me that apples are healthy, and it is smart to eat healthy things. » |f we need to eat more apples, then we have to go to the grocery store. If we have to go to the grocery store, then | will need to borrow your car. We need to eat more apples, therefore | will need to borrow your car. e Define “deductive argument”: e Define “inductive argument”: e Complete the following exercises: o Categorize each of the following arguments as deductive or inductive. = The sun has risen every morning that | have been alive. Therefore, the sun will rise tomorrow. = 72% of survey respondents liked the apples. From this we can infer that the majority of Americans like these apples. » |f someone eats apples, then they will be healthy. Bo eats apples. Therefore, Bo will be healthy. = All Americans like apples. Bo is an American. Therefore, Bo likes apples. e Define “valid”: A deductive argument is valid if

o Categorize each of the following as affirming the consequent, denying the antecedent, the fallacy fallacy, begging the guestion, or not a fallacy: = “My opponent argues that we should increase bus ticket prices, but they use a slippery slope argument. Since their argument is flawed, | conclude that their conclusion must be false and that we should not increase bus ticket prices.” = “If someone is Canadian, then they love maple syrup. Mat Is not Canadian. Therefore he does not love maple syrup.” = “If someone is Canadian, then they love maple syrup. Mat does not love maple syrup. Therefore, Mat is not a Canadian.” = “If someone is Canadian, then they love maple syrup. Mat loves maple syrup. Therefore, Mat is a Canadian.” = My mom makes the best lasagna because all of the other moms’ lasagnas are worse. Section 2 What does it mean to say that an information source is “biased toward the sensational’? What does it mean to say that an information source is “biased toward a mainstream status quo ideology”? When evaluating a news story, why might it be a good idea to “search on social media like Twitter or Facebook and look at which 'bubbles’ this story is making the rounds in”? Why is it good for a source to “consider counterarguments to their analysis”? Why is it helpful to determine who funded a study or poll? Why will you “never hear anyone on a credible news source say 'you won't hear this on any other news outlet' or 'you can't trust other sources on this because we're the only ones with the inside scoop' or 'everyone else has bought into the lie, but we're here to give you the straight truth™?

e Why is it important to ask: o) ©O O O O Section 3 Is it current? Is it local? What are others saying about it? Is it plausible? Is it convenient? Is it a deepfake? e Define the “principle of charity”: e What is the benefit of following the principle of charity?: e Define “cognitive bias”: e Define “heuristic”: e Define “confirmation bias”: e Define “representativeness bias”: e Define “anchoring and adjustment bias”: e Define “availability bias”: e Define “selection bias”: e Complete the following exercises. o For each scenario, explain what kind of bias is being demonstrated: = Asurvey is handed out at a baseball game asking participants to rank sports in terms of how entertaining they are. In the survey results, the majority of people choose baseball as the most entertaining sport. From this, Ana concludes that the majority of Americans find baseball to be the most entertaining sport. Barney is trading in a car. The dealer offers Barney $300 for his car. That sounds low, so Barney rejects the offer. The dealer offers $400. That seems generous to Barney. Claire is trying to decide where to go on vacation. She considers going to the beach. But the first thing that comes to mind is a scary story she heard about someone being stung by a jellyfish on the beach. Claire concludes that the beach is not a safe option.

= “92% of the people in our random survey of Seattle residents said that they enjoyed coffee. It is safe to conclude that most Seattle residents enjoy coffee.” = “| know that Lincoln makes the best cars because Matthew McConaughey said so in a commercial.” = “You say that we should decrease the price of bus tickets. But if we make buses in this city free, then public transit will run out of money! Therefore your idea is a bad one.” » “This medicine has been used for thousands of years, so you know it has to be good.” = “You say that we should decrease the price of bus tickets. But nobody is talking about littering. There is a lot of garbage in the streets right now!” = “You say that we should decrease the price of bus tickets. But if we accept that those prices should go down, that would be embarrassing to the city council members who opposed the decrease. Since it will embarrass them, we shouldn’'t believe that it is true.” Define the “appeal to ignorance fallacy”: Define the “slippery slope fallacy”: Define the “Texas sharpshooter fallacy”: Define the “post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy”: Define the “hasty generalization fallacy”: Complete the following exercises: o For each argument, say which fallacy of weak induction it exemplifies or whether it is “no fallacy”: = “| met two Texans who love BBQ. Therefore, all Texans love BBQ.” = “Mat is a Texan. Texans are great at BBQ. Therefore, Mat IS great at BBQ.” = “If we go to Texas, then we might fall in love with the state. If we fall in love with the state, then we might want to move there. If we move there, then we might not be able to afford it. We can't afford to move. Therefore, we can’'t even go to Texas for a short visit.”

“If you only look at the 5-star reviews of my BBQ restaurant, you will find very happy customers. Therefore we have great service.” “After that BBQ restaurant opened in the neighborhood, the weather has been terrible. | think that restaurant opening ruined the nice weather.” “We can’t be absolutely certain that opening a restaurant Is a bad idea. Therefore, it must be a good idea.” Define the “false dilemma fallacy”: Define the “begging the question fallacy™: Define the “burden of proof shifting fallacy”: Complete the following exercises: o For each argument, say which fallacy of presumption it exemplifies or whether it is “no fallacy”: “Either you never get a ticket or you a bad driver. You got a ticket, so you are a bad driver.” “Getting a ticket is bad. One should avoid bad things. Therefore, you should avoid getting a ticket.” “The new tax law is going to solve all of the economy’s problems. Don't ask me to explain why. You prove to me that it won't!” “Mat is a great cook. Really. You can be sure of this because he is great at cooking.” What is an argument map? Why might it be helpful to make one? Define “direct support™: Define “indirect support™ Define “independent support”: Define “conjoint support”: Define “main conclusion™ Define “main premise”: Define “sub-conclusion”: Define “sub-premise”: Complete the following exercises: