COM-362 T3 reading exercises
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Jan 9, 2024
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Topic 3 Reading Exercises from:
Copi, Irving M.
Introduction to Logic, 14th Edition
. Routledge.
3.3 INSTRUCTIONS & PROBLEM
Identify three disagreements in current political or social controversy that are of the three types described in this section: one that is genuine, one that is merely verbal, and one that is apparently
verbal but really genuine. Explain the disagreements in each case.
Genuine: An example of a genuine disagreement is the immigration policies currently in place by
the government. Some make the case for tighter border controls and immigration restrictions, citing worries about the effects on the economy and national security. Others support more liberal immigration laws, highlighting the humanitarian benefits and positive impacts immigrants
can have on society. This debate is genuine because it reflects strongly held opinions about how to strike a balance between humanitarian ideals and border security.
Merely verbal: An example of merely verbal is climate change terminology. Conversations may have disagreements over the terminology used to express climate change. Some use the phrase "global warming," while others use the phrase "climate change." Both names refer to the same environmental problem, however, the wording used might cause semantic disagreements without
materially affecting comprehension or suggested policy changes.
Apparently verbal but really genuine:
An example of this disagreement is the gun control vs. the second amendment argument. The literal meaning of the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which grants the right to carry weapons, is frequently the subject of semantic debate in arguments regarding gun regulation in the United States. Some advocate for tougher gun control laws, while others stress the significance of protecting the Second Amendment. This may appear to be a semantic dispute on the surface, but it is actually the result of genuine disagreements over how to balance people's rights and the public's safety.
3.5 INSTRUCTIONS
Arrange each of the following groups of terms in order of increasing intention:
PROBLEMS
1. Animal, feline, lynx, mammal, vertebrate, wildcat.
Animal, mammal, vertebrate, feline, wildcat, lynx
2. Alcoholic beverage, beverage, champagne, fine white wine, white wine, wine.
Beverage, alcoholic beverage, wine, white wine, fine white wine, champagne
3. Athlete, ball player, baseball player, fielder, infielder, shortstop.
Athlete, ball player, baseball player, fielder, infielder, shortstop
4. Cheese, dairy products, Limburger, milk derivative, soft cheese, strong soft cheese.
Milk derivatives, dairy products, cheese, soft cheese, strong soft cheese, Limburger
5. Integer, number, positive integer, prime number, rational number, real number.
Number, integer, positive number, prime number, rational number, real number
3.6 INSTRUCTIONS
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.
PROBLEMS
1. A genius is one who, with an innate capacity, affects for good or evil the lives of others.
—Jacqueline Du Pre, in
Jacqueline Du Pre: Her Life, Her Music, Her Legend
(Arcade
Publishing, 1999)
Rule #1: the definition does not state the essential attributes of good, evil, and genius
Rule #3: too broad with the assuming that genius affects others
Rule #4 the term genius may mean something else to other individuals
2. Knowledge is true opinion.
—Plato,
Theaetetus
Rule #3: too broad with the statement
3. Life is the art of drawing sufficient conclusions from insufficient premises.
—Samuel Butler,
Notebooks
Rule #3: The definition is too broad because sufficient, insufficient, and life can be explained differently
Rule #4: because it is figurative language to explain what life is
4. “Base” means that which serves as a base.
—Ch’eng Wei-Shih Lun, quoted in Fung Yu-Lan,
A History of Chinese Philosophy
, 1959
Rule #2: circular reasoning on the definition because it uses the word to define the word
5. Alteration is combination of contradictorily opposed determinations in the existence of one and the same thing.
—Immanuel Kant,
Critique of Pure Reason
, 1787
Rule 4: ambiguous language
Rule 5: negative definition
6. Honesty is the habitual absence of the intent to deceive.
Rule 5: negative definition because of the intent to deceive 7. Hypocrisy is the homage that vice pays to virtue.
—François La Rochefoucauld,
Reflections
, 1665
Rule 1: does not state the essential definition of hypocrisy; how can you be virtuous and hypocritical
Rule 4: ambiguous language for the vices to virtue
Rule 5: because it needs to just state the definition does not compare it
8. The word
body
, in the most general acceptation, signifieth that which filleth, or occupieth some certain room, or imagined place; and dependeth not on the imagination, but is a real part of that we call the universe.
—Thomas Hobbes,
Leviathan
, 1651
Rule 3: the definition is too narrow and many words are added when not necessary Rule 4: the “th” is an obscure language
9. Torture is “any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession.”
—United Nations Convention Against Torture, 1984
Rule 1: you do not always torture for the purpose of information or a confession
Rule 3: the definition is too broad
10. “Cause” means something that produces an effect.
Rule 2: cause and effect are related concepts
11.
War … is an act of violence intended to compel our opponent to fulfill our will.
—Carl von Clausewitz, On War, 1911
Rule 3: too broad; not every act of violence is war
12. A raincoat is an outer garment of plastic that repels water.
Rule 3: not every raincoat repels water
13.
A hazard is anything that is dangerous.
—Safety with Beef Cattle, U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1976
Rule 2:
hazard and dangerous are synonyms
Rule 3: its too broad of a definition; there is no direct conclusion it is just a statement
14.
To sneeze [is] to emit wind audibly by the nose.
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—Samuel Johnson, Dictionary, 1814
Rule 3: too broad because not everyone may make noise or sneeze through their nose
Rule 5: emit? Audibly? All sneezes may not make a sound
15.
A bore is a person who talks when you want him to listen.
—Ambrose Bierce, 1906
Rule 1: personal opinion, not contributing to the person’s attributes
Rule 3: too broad; bore can also refer to the animal “boar”