Healthcare Law & Ethics: Key Issues and Ethical Principles

MHA 703 Healthcare Law & Ethics Spring 2024 AP 1 Name Amanda Sangermano Date3/18/24 7:01 AM Control Total 431 Still have eggs to hunt Be sure to SAVE this to your desktop (so you can find it!) With your Cursor on the little blue dot ---> (so when I open it, I can start here)

212 217 7 6 Please Provide Feedback on this assignment here: Last one! -- Jim

MODULE 7 8 1 8 2 9 3 12 4 13 5 14 6 15 7 17 8 18 9 35 10 25 11 27 12 27 13 28 14 Answer on Slide Number Question Number

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Question Why was the National Research Act passed? What are the three main ethical principles used in medical research? What is the clinical trial process? Why is stem cell research controversial? Why is anencephaly a difficult situation for healthcare? Identify the reason some critics are against fetal reduction. What are the ethical controversies surrounding conjoined twin separation surgery? What is the controversy over cloning? Why is xenotransplantation controversial? Give an example of a medical issue we may face in the future. How does the global burden of disease used to adjust life expectancy? What is the purpose of the PPACA? List ONE change that the PPACA has on insurance companies. How has the PPACA changed Medicare and Medicaid?

What is the purpose of staffing ratios and physician hour laws? What is the Healthcare Conscientious Objector Bills? How could nanotechnology and robotics be used in healthcare? Give an example of the problems medicine in space is attempting to address.

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Your Answer HERE Phase 1: Pilot Study Phase 2: Clinical Trial Protocol Phase 3: Expanded Enrollment Multiple pregnancy, Abortion procedures, Selection process right to life, presumed consent, physician duty, quality of life, allocation of resources, and futile care. Animal to human donation, Compatibility problems, Animal Right Activists, Xenozoonosis Nursing shortages and Robiotics taking over physicians roles, mechanical failure & remote access Cannot deny services based on pre-existing conditions Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, the government changed its research practices. In 1974, the National Research Act was signed into law, creating the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Researc Justice Autonomy Beneficence It involves the destruction of human embryos. In the United States, the question of when human life begins has been highly controversial and closely linked to debates over abortion. Sadly, there is no medical treatment for anencephaly. Due to the lack of development of babies' brains, about 75 percent of in are stillborn and the remaining 25 percent of babies die within a few hours, days, or weeks after delivery. It is considered the manufacture and destruction of a human life, even though that life has not developed past the embryonic stage. It is a universal metric that allows researchers and policymakers to compare very different populations and health conditions across time. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act- Impact insurance companies, employers, and individuals PPACA Increases Medicaid eligibility to 133%, prevent states from reducing children's Medicaid eligibility. Gradually reduced c by restructuring payments to Medicare Advantage. Improved Part D, Rx program & Bundled payment structure

Safe Staffing Ratios are Crucial to Reducing Patient Mortality Rates and Better Quality Care. Ethics of healthcare professional, Decline to provide care, Exceptions apply, Most professional organizations against bills Sterile fields, Wound healing in zero gravity, Long-term nutrition, Psychological effects Nanotechnology- Pharmacology &Medication delivery systems & Robitoics- Robots are increasingly being adopted in healthca carry out various tasks that enhance patient care.

MODULE Case Tuskegee Syphilis Study azidothymidine (AZT) Jodie and Mary Baby Fae U.S. Citizens Association et al. v. Kathleen Sebelius et al. Ricky Wyatt et al. v. Charles Fetner et al. Silver Nanotechnology Eckerd Pharmacy

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7 Sources Tuskegee Syphilis Research Macon, Alabama (1930-1972) Azidothymidine (AZT) United States (1990s) Jodie and Mary Great Britan (2007) Baby Fae California (1984) U.S. Citizens Association et al. v. Kathleen Sebelius et al. Case No. 5:10 CV 1065 RWS (2011) United States District Court Northern District of Ohio Eastern Division Ricky Wyatt et al. v. Charles Fetner et al. 92 F.3d 1074 (1996) U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit https://www.nbcnews.com/id/ wbna4359430 Silver Nanotechnology (1990 – Present)

Summary The study initially involved 600 Black men – 399 with syphilis, 201 who did not have the disease. Participants' informed consen treated for “bad blood,” a local term used to describe several ailments, including syphilis, anemia, and fatigue. In exchange for free meals, and burial insurance. Later in 1973, a class-action lawsuit was filed on behalf of the study participants and their fam The idea that environmental retroviruses were the primary cause of most malignancies began to receive financial and clinical s had not yet been discovered, it had just been established, according to the work of Nobel laureates Howard Temin and David avian malignancies. The first antiretroviral drug used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS was azidothymidine. It is typically advised injury or other possible exposure, it can be used to stop the transmission of infection from mother to child during delivery. The tragic case of conjoined twins Mary and Jodie made news around the world and sent ethicists into speculation. Mary and severe that several doctors had to excuse themselves from giving care to the twins. Jodie and Mary were joined at the lower a complement of organs, Jodie's heart and lungs maintained both of their lives since Mary's were not sufficiently developed to p system would give out in a matter of weeks under the strain of supporting both girls. Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, who objected submission to the court. On November 7, 2000, surgeons in St. Mary's Hospital, following the judge's ruling, separated the twi Stephanie Fae Beauclair, better known as Baby Fae, was an American infant born in 1984 with hypoplastic left heart syndrom procedure and first successful infant heart transplant, receiving the heart of a baboon. This case involved the judicial review of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. 26 states, several individuals, suit against Secretary of Health and Human Services, Kathleen Sebelius, in the Eleventh Circuit. The primary challenges conce on certain individuals who failed to obtain health insurance through their employer, the government, or a private company, an poverty line. The Court concluded that the shared responsibility payment is labeled within the ACA as a penalty, not a tax, and of the ACA’s provisions evinces Congress’ understanding that the shared responsibility payment would be treated differently f Oct 1970, patients at Bryce Hospital, state-run institution for the mentally ill Tuscaloosa, Alabama, filed suit in the U.S District Alabama Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation, members of the Alabama Mental Health Board, the governor conditions at Bryce Hospital were such that they had been deprived of their rights under the United States Constitution. Follow injunctive relief, the district court found that patients at Bryce Hospital were being denied their "constitutional right to receive opportunity to be cured or to improve his or her mental condition. The court ordered the defendants to devise, and to submit Eckerd Corporation, a national retail pharmacy chain, has paid the United States $5,866,751.70 to resolve claims that the com announced today. The government's complaint alleged that Eckerd dispensed partial or "short" prescriptions due to insufficien Benefits Program, TRICARE -- the military health care program -- for the full quantities prescribed for beneficiaries of the gove Silver nanopaticles are widely incorporated into wound dressings, and are used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in medical ap high surface area per unit mass and release a continuous level of silver ions into their environment. The silver ions are bioactiv wide range of bacteria. By controlling the size, shape, surface and agglomeration state of the nanoparticles, specific silver ion

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MODULE Key Term anencephaly clinical trials cloning cryonics double-blind fetal reduction pluripotent research xenotransplantation conscientious objector global burden of disease individual mandate life expectancy

lifetime dollar limits nanomedicine robotics socialized medicine 17

7 Your definition here Anencephaly is a serious birth defect in which a baby is born without parts of the brain and skull. Cloning is a technique scientists use to make exact genetic copies of living things. Genes, cells, tissues, and even whole animal Cryonics is the low-temperature freezing (usually at −196 °C or −320.8 °F or 77.1 K) and storage of human remains, with the sp denoting a test or trial, especially of a drug, in which any information which may influence the behavior of the tester or the su Multifetal pregnancy reduction is defined as a first-trimester or early second-trimester procedure for reducing the total numb capable of giving rise to several different cell types. the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Xenotransplantation is when non-human cells, tissues, or organs are used to treat medical conditions in humans. A conscientious objector is a person who refuses to bear arms or serve in the military based on a matter of conscience; rather The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study provides a comprehensive picture of mortality and disability across countries, time, The individual mandate was a provision within the Affordable Care Act that required individuals to purchase minimum essenti the average period that a person may expect to live. Clinical trials are prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants designed to answer specific que warrant further study and comparison.

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a dollar limit on what they would spend for your covered benefits during the entire time you were enrolled in that plan Robotics is the interdisciplinary study and practice of the design, construction, operation, and use of robots a healthcare system in which the government owns and operates healthcare facilities and employs the healthcare professiona Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomate nanotechnology such as biological machines.

MODULE 7

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