Ethics Test Analysis: Cultural Relativism & Moral Theories

Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 42 minutes 48 out of 50 Score for this attempt: 48 out of 50 Submitted Apr 1 at 8:26pm This attempt took 42 minutes. Question 1 1 / 1 pts Peyton and Vanessa are having an in-depth conversation about whether moral standards and concepts hold across cultures, or whether they are relative. What type of ethics are they considering? normative ethics applied ethics Correct! metaethics deontological ethics Question 2 1 / 1 pts Which of the following is NOT one of the three major moral theories? Correct! relative ethics consequentialist ethics deontological ethics

virtue ethics Question 3 1 / 1 pts Samara is considering how she should handle the fact that her employer overpaid her on her last check. Should she say something? Will she have to give the money back? Will her employer find out, and if so, is it better if Samara raises the issue first? These issues with which Samara is grappling are best described as ___________ judgments. Correct! concrete abstract persuasive unpopular Question 4 1 / 1 pts According to the author, which statement would support cultural relativism but conflict with the best explanation of notion of “respect”? To respect another person or culture is to acknowledge that their beliefs and practices are worthy of respect. To respect another person or culture is to be willing to judge some of their beliefs and practices better or worse than those of other persons or cultures. To respect another person or culture is to acknowledge when our own lack of experience and understanding may lead us to withhold judgment.

Correct! To respect another person or culture is to affirm that there is nothing inferior or superior about another culture, and therefore nothing to admire or criticize. Question 5 0 / 1 pts With what does the major moral theory known as utilitarianism primarily concern itself? the neural processes in the brain the nature and character of a person performing an action Correct Answer the consequences of an action You Answered the nature of an action itself The answer can be found in Chapter 1, Section 1.3: The Landscape of Moral Philosophy Question 6 1 / 1 pts According to Glaukon, if someone possessed Ring of Gyges, all of the following would be true EXCEPT: The person would use it for his or her own advantage. The person would use it to commit injustices. The person would have a better life than before.

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Correct! The person would become more just. Question 7 1 / 1 pts Regarding human rights, the United Nations challenges the concept of cultural relativism by stating that cultures whose standards differ from Western standards are immoral. the international community must strive to eliminate all cultural and moral differences. Correct! while there are many legitimate cultural variations, all people have certain basic human rights that must be respected. each culture has its own beliefs and practices, all of which must be acknowledged and respected by other cultures. Question 8 1 / 1 pts The egoist view is that moral standards are only good if they serve Correct! an individual’s self-interest. the interests of the majority. the interests of the minority.

the common good of society. Question 9 1 / 1 pts According to “The Ring of Gyges,” the ring gave the shepherd who found it psychic abilities. superhuman strength. Correct! invisibility. justice. Question 10 1 / 1 pts Which of the following activities best illustrates the nature of a dialectical process? a half marathon a piano recital Correct! a tennis match a baseball game

Question 11 0 / 1 pts Tim considers himself to be a moral skeptic. What, then, does Tim use to examine moral assumptions? You Answered traditional doctrines Correct Answer critical reasoning groundless assertions feelings and intuitions The answer can be found in Chapter 2, Section 2.1: Introduction to Skepticism Question 12 1 / 1 pts What constitutes an argument, in the context of philosophy? Correct! a set of claims and the reasons supporting them a heated debate an unanswerable question a civilized disagreement

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Question 13 1 / 1 pts The text uses the metaphor of a house to explain the relationship between metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Which part of the house represents normative ethics? the roof the foundation the insulation Correct! the framework Question 14 1 / 1 pts What does the utilitarian mean by the term “wrong actions”? actions that add to the unhappiness or pain of even one person actions that are against society’s laws or regulations, even if those laws or regulations are immoral actions that are performed with the intent of hurting oneself for pleasure (masochism) Correct! actions that are performed when another action would result in a greater overall balance of happiness and unhappiness Question 15

1 / 1 pts Why does Mill call utilitarianism a “more profoundly religious [doctrine] than any other”? Correct! Because God desires, above all things, the happiness of his creatures. Because more religious leaders subscribe to utilitarianism than any other doctrine. Because no other doctrine considers happiness. Because all other doctrines are godless. Question 16 1 / 1 pts Utilitarianism is a form of what broader ethical theory? egoism deontology Stoicism Correct! consequentialism Question 17 1 / 1 pts Utilitarianism claims that morally right actions, policies, or laws are those whose consequences have the greatest positive value and least negative value __________. Correct!

compared to available alternatives unless they violate an absolute duty conceived in financial terms only for the individual(s) making them Question 18 1 / 1 pts Allen is a critic of utilitarianism. Of the following sentences, which is LEAST likely to factor into his critique? “One cannot define happiness and suffering in a universal way.” “One cannot measure happiness and suffering.” “There are other things more important than happiness and suffering.” Correct! “There is no such thing as happiness and suffering.” Question 19 1 / 1 pts What did John Stuart Mill believe about those who sacrifice their own happiness for that of others? They do the right thing but for the wrong reason since the happiness of others isn’t important.

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They represent an aspect of morality that utilitarianism cannot explain. Correct! They demonstrate the utilitarian principle that the greatest happiness for the greatest number should serve as the standard of our actions. They are mistaken since their own happiness should be their only aim. Question 20 1 / 1 pts According to John Stuart Mill, what is the ultimate purpose of everything we do? to acquire as much wealth and power as possible to adhere to the rules of religion and society Correct! to gain pleasure and avoid pain to fulfill the role that society has given us Question 21 1 / 1 pts Which of the following statements is a common misconception about utilitarian philosophy? Correct! The majority always rules. The needs of the minorities always matter the most.

Everyone deserves equal consideration. There may be good reasons for the majority to make sacrifices for the sake of the minority. Question 22 1 / 1 pts Kathleen is a girls’ soccer coach who lies now and then to her young team in order to keep up their spirits and guarantee they have fun, even if they are not the best players in the league. Kathleen’s lying could be an example of utilitarian __________. impartiality Correct! adaptability immorality universality Question 23 1 / 1 pts All of the following can make it difficult to calculate an action’s utility EXCEPT the scope and time frame of the consequences to be considered. Correct! the commitment of the person taking the action.

disagreement about the meaning of happiness. determining what constitutes the greatest good. Question 24 1 / 1 pts According to Mill, how can we determine the difference between higher and lower pleasures? We can’t, since Mill says there is no discernable difference. By their conformity to religious teachings. By their relative duration and intensity. Correct! By the preference of those who are acquainted with both. Question 25 1 / 1 pts Suppose a society believes that throwing an innocent boy into a volcano will keep the volcano from erupting—and therefore save hundreds of lives. What variety of utilitarian thought does this action represent? conventional utilitarianism rule utilitarianism Correct! act utilitarianism

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egoist utilitarianism Question 26 1 / 1 pts What would not be a utilitarian argument on same-sex couples being allowed to marry? They should not be allowed to marry because it offends more people than it pleases. They should not be allowed to marry because children benefit more from having opposite-sex parents. They should be allowed to marry because it makes them happy, helps reduce the burdens and prejudices same-sex couples face, and doesn’t hurt anyone else. Correct! They should be allowed to marry because the freedom to marry the person you choose is a fundamental human right. Question 27 1 / 1 pts An action’s maxim is best understood as the expected overall utility of taking that action. Correct! policy or principle you would be following if you took that action. unconscious biological cause of that action.

theory of what the consequences of that action will be. Question 28 1 / 1 pts Xavier, a retail store owner, wants to always act from duty. Knowing this, which of the following sentiments is Xavier MOST likely to express? Correct! “I keep my promises to my clientele because that’s what everyone should always do.” “I am honest with my customers because I want them to like me.” “I am honest with my customers because the eventual result will be more sales.” “I keep my agreements with my suppliers because then they will know I am a fair man.” Question 29 1 / 1 pts According to Kant, respect for a person should be dependent upon the person’s potential contribution to society. dependent upon whether the person respects others. sometimes sacrificed for the greater good. Correct! always part of the end or purpose of one’s choices.

Question 30 1 / 1 pts Professor Donovan is a Kantian philosopher. Therefore, she argues that the true value of “a good will” lies in the good feelings it produces in the person who has it. Correct! doing the right thing for no other reason than it is right. how much it can contribute to society. fulfilling other people’s desires. Question 31 1 / 1 pts What is the most accurate term for the rules and regulations expressed in the United Nations’ Declaration of Human Rights? conventional laws Correct! universal laws beneficent laws imposed laws Question 32

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1 / 1 pts According to Kant, suicide is moral if and only if one lives in a state or country where suicide is legal. Correct! immoral because it involves treating one’s autonomous will merely as a means to relieve suffering. moral if and only if one does not have family or friends who would be hurt by it. immoral because it condemns one to eternal damnation. Question 33 1 / 1 pts Which of the following is a Kantian approach to helping a family in need? “I should only help them if it benefits me as well.” “I should do everything I can to help them, even if it means violating a moral duty.” “I should sympathize with them but recognize that the world is better off if we look out for our own interests.” Correct! “I should recognize that I would never want a world where people did not help each other, and thus help them the best I can.” Question 34 1 / 1 pts

In Rwanda, a farmer is hiding a group of persecuted Tutsis from a Hutu military commander. The farmer believes that he has to always tell the truth, and that this is a categorical imperative. If the Hutu commander asks if he has any hidden Tutsis, and he tells the truth, who is to blame for the Tutsis’ capture according to Kantian theory? the farmer, because saving lives is more important than respecting duty. the Tutsis who are hiding because it was unethical of them to take advantage of the farmer the Rwandans who started the war that led to these circumstances Correct! the Hutu commander, because only he is responsible for his own decisions Question 35 1 / 1 pts Immanuel Kant claims that the only thing that is moral without qualification is __________. self-fulfillment good results Correct! a good will a clear conscience Question 36 1 / 1 pts What is the primary reason for conducting Kant’s “universalization test”?

to persuade others that our actions are morally justified Correct! to determine whether we are excepting ourselves from a policy we think everyone else should follow to see how well we can disguise our true intentions and motivations to avoid taking responsibility for our actions Question 37 1 / 1 pts According to Kant, what is the PRIMARY moral problem with making a false promise? Correct! It treats the other person’s humanity as a mere means to an end. It causes harm to society. It causes harm to the other person. It causes harm to the agent (actor). Question 38 1 / 1 pts For Kant, the respect we owe people has to do primarily with their __________. authority

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age Correct! humanity capacity to contribute to society Question 39 1 / 1 pts Phronesis is the Greek term for which of Aristotle’s cardinal virtues: a flourishing life courage Correct! practical wisdom justice Question 40 1 / 1 pts The personal qualities that enable an individual to live a good life and flourish as a human being are known as __________. Correct! moral virtues advantages

ethical standards instincts Question 41 1 / 1 pts How does the Aristotelian notion of virtue relate to deontological and utilitarian moral theories? Almost all consider virtue irrelevant and unrelated to ethics. They are all basically saying the same thing about how we should live and act. Correct! They realize that the concept of virtue is important and incorporate it into their broader ethical systems, though in a subordinate role. They typically blame virtue-centered views for most of the moral problems in the world. Question 42 1 / 1 pts With which of the following statements would an Aristotelian most AGREE? Happiness is a constant state of joy. Happiness is an inner sense of personal satisfaction. Happiness is the rejection of all desires or needs.

Correct! Happiness is a reflective life that continually seeks to orient itself toward the good. Question 43 1 / 1 pts To live a good life and be the sort of people we ought to be, we need to develop a virtuous character that knows how to best satisfy one’s inner desires. Correct! understands the purpose of moral standards and how to best fulfill that. strictly follows a set of absolute, universal moral rules. adheres to the dominant standards of one’s society. Question 44 1 / 1 pts Lawrence, a philosophy student, doubts the very notion that there are such things as good character traits. His view may be similar to the view known as __________. eudaimonia Correct! situationism unity of virtues

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telos Question 45 1 / 1 pts Who is the primary source for this chapter’s study of virtue ethics? Plato John Stuart Mill Kant Correct! Aristotle Question 46 1 / 1 pts The “self-centeredness” objection to virtue ethics says that the focus of morality should be on how terms are defined by each individual and not broader society. the overall betterment of the world not just one’s community. right action not on the best outcomes. Correct! other people rather than primarily ourselves.

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Question 47 1 / 1 pts In The Nicomachean Ethics, how does Aristotle begin his inquiry into ethics? with an account of absolute right and wrong. with the history of moral philosophy up to that point. Correct! by describing what we aim at in living our everyday lives. by describing what laws have been laid down by the gods. Question 48 1 / 1 pts The author suggests that, according to virtue ethics, the primary reason people think they ought to take certain actions and avoid others is more fundamental than merely respecting rules or producing the best consequences. Rather, that reason is to avoid disapproval and punishment. to gain as many advantages for oneself as possible. because they are merely acting on instinct. Correct! to be a good person. Question 49

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1 / 1 pts Aristotle is one of the most important figures in Western history because he accomplished all of the following EXCEPT: invented the study of logic. founded the Lyceum School. contributed enormously to physics and biology. Correct! tutored the philosopher Plato. Question 50 1 / 1 pts The __________ objection to Aristotle’s philosophy says that virtue ethics does not provide us with adequate direction for making or evaluating moral choices. Correct! guidance situationist egocentric practicalist Quiz Score: 48 out of 50 Previous Next

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WK 5 FINAL TEST

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