Vocabulary 5
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Philosophy
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Dec 6, 2023
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Uploaded by BarristerFishPerson590
Hilaria Heather Dominguez
Professor Joselito Coquilla
PHIL 1302-312
16 November 2022
Vocabulary 5
1.
Ethics in its General Meaning -
Ethics
examines the rational justification for our moral
judgments; it studies what is morally right or wrong, just or unjust. In a broader sense,
ethics reflects on human beings and their interaction with nature and with other humans,
on freedom, on responsibility and on justice
2.
Ethics in Etymological meaning and its weakness -
The word "ethics" is derived from the
Greek word ethos (character), and from the Latin word mores (customs). Together, they
combine to define how individuals choose to interact with one another.
Nor would a
person guided by virtue ethics be bound by the 'tyranny of the (happy) majority' that
appears to be an aspect of utilitarianism. On the other hand, some thinkers argue that
virtue ethics provides
vague and ambiguous advice.
3.
Ethical Subjectivism vs Cultural Relativism -
Cultural relativism argues that cultural
consensus establishes right and wrong while ethical subjectivism says that each
individual establishes right and wrong
. Both forms of relativism argue that there is no
universal standard for what is right or wrong, but disagree on who should ultimately
determine ethics.
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4.
Ethical Relativism vs Ethical Absolutism -
Ethical relativism asserts that moral truths
vary from person to person or culture to culture. Ethical universalism asserts that moral
truths do not vary in this fashion. Ethical absolutism takes universalism one step further,
and denies that moral truths depend on human nature. ETHICAL RELATIVISM - denial
of any universal valid moral principles; or denial of any moral absolutes; any moral
principle if any is a matter of subjective judgment. So moral values are subjective.
ETHICAL ABSOLUTISM - acceptance of a universal, valid and absolute moral
principle. Moral values are objective.
5.
Consequentialist Ethical Theory -
Consequentialism is a theory that says whether
something is good or bad depends on its outcomes. An action that brings about more
benefit than harm is good, while an action that causes more harm than benefit is not. The
most famous version of this theory is utilitarianism.
6.
Ethical Egoism vs Utilitarianism -
Note that this is dissimilar to Utilitarianism
because
Utilitarianism seeks to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number
.
Meanwhile, ethical egoism holds that everyone should merely seek their own good, even
at the expense of others.
7.
Act Utilitarianism vs Rule Utilitarianism -
There is a difference between rule and act
utilitarianism.
The act utilitarian considers only the results or consequences of the single
act while the rule utilitarian considers the consequences that result of following a rule of
conduct
.
8.
Natural Law Ethical Theory -
Natural law is a theory in ethics and philosophy that says
that
human beings possess intrinsic values that govern their reasoning and behavior
.
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Natural law maintains that these rules of right and wrong are inherent in people and are
not created by society or court judges. This is a moral theory for human beings grounded
on the basic principle of the eternal law of God upon creation. That there is an eternal
law, as the idea of God, or God’s design in the universe that demand respect and
obedience. That all things from life, community, and truth has been created by God with a
particular nature or purpose (telos) that need to be respected by his creatures
9.
Aretological (Virtue) Ethical Theory - An ethical theory which develops the character of
the human person in order to achieve the ultimate aim or goal of human functioning
called arete (called in Greek which means excellence in functioning). The goal of virtue
ethics is the fulfillment of human functioning to achieve eudaimonia (well-being or being
well) in the practice of virtue.Virtues are the aimed of human practice of good life which
are the habits or dispositions that we acquire in order to live well. Virtues, unlike the
personality traits with which we are born, must be learned and practiced.
10.
Deontological (Duty) Ethical Theory -
Deontological ethics holds that at least some acts
are morally obligatory regardless of their consequences for human welfare. Descriptive of
such ethics are such expressions as “Duty for duty's sake,” “Virtue is its own reward,”
and “Let justice be done though the heavens fall.”
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