1.1 HMWK
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Plymouth State University *
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2310
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Philosophy
Date
Dec 6, 2023
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6
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1.1 Exercises
A. Identify whether or not the following are propositions. If the statement is not a
proposition, identify what kind of non-proposition it is (command, suggestion,
question, or ceremonial expression).
1.
What is justice?
a.
Non-proposition: Question
2.
China is east of Europe.
a.
Proposition
3.
Hip, hip, hooray!
a.
Non-proposition: expression
4.
Sergeant, take your unit, set up armaments to the west, and await further
instructions.
a.
Non-proposition: command
5.
The golden age of classic Greek civilization took place between 500 and 300
BCE.
a.
Proposition
6. Graduates, please join me in a moment of silence in honor of this occasion.
a.
Non-proposition: suggestion
7.
How does the United Nations aid refugees in war torn areas of conflict?
a.
Non-proposition: question
8. Julius Caesar was assassinated in the Theatre of Pompey on the Ides of March
44 BCE.
a.
Proposition
9. I know that this company continues to perform well, but before making an
investment, I would consider whether or not the stock is already overvalued.
a.
Non-proposition: suggestion
10. The nucleus of an atom contains positively charged protons that are tightly
packed together, and this repels the negatively charged electrons away from
the atomic nucleus.
a.
Proposition
B. Identify the indicator terms in the following propositions. State whether it is a
premise or conclusion indicator term.
1.
I can therefore, if necessary, think of an individual man as existing.
(Kierkegaard, Selections)
a.
Therefore - Conclusion Indicatory Term
2.
A wise man, therefore, proportions his belief to the evidence. (Hume, An
Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding)
a.
Therefore - Conclusion Indicatory Term
3.
Civil disobedience is a political act because it is an act guided and justified by
political principles, that is by the principles of justice which relate the
constitution and social institutions generally. (Rawls, A Theory of Justice)
a.
Because - Premise Indicatory Term
4.
Thus the discussion requires many words. (Epictetus, Discourses of Epictetus,
CH XX)
a.
Thus - Conclusion Indicatory Term
5.
He started as a moderate, for moderates were the majority. (Greene, The 48
Laws of Power)
a.
For - Premise Indicatory Term
6. It is awkward to label Islamic philosophy Arabic philosophy, given that much
of it does not take place in Arabic at all, but in any language that Muslims
work in, including English. (Leaman, Islamic Philosophy)
a.
Given that - Premise Indicatory Term
7.
Hence it is as necessary for the mind to make its conceptions sensuous… so
as to make its intuitions intelligible. (Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, 91)
a.
Hence - Conclusion Indicatory Term
8. [Memory is important for survival because] the primary reason the brain
remembers the past is to better predict what will work in the future. (Clear,
Atomic Habits)
a.
Primary reason - Conclusion Indicatory Term
9. It follows that if an anomaly is to evoke crisis, it must usually be more than
just an anomaly. (Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions)
a.
It follows that - Conclusion Indicatory Term
10. Of course, persons can o±en be eloquent interpreters of their cultures; as a
result, interviews should be part of any ethnographic project. (Horst and
Miller, Digital Anthropology)
a.
As a result - Conclusion Indicatory Term
C. For the following arguments, identify which propositions are the premise(s) and
which is the conclusion. (Remember that there should only be one conclusion
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since all passages in this section contain only one argument.) Be sure to also
identify any premise or conclusion indicators.
1.
All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
a.
Premise: All men are mortal
b. Premise: Socrates is a man
c.
Conclusion: Socrates is mortal
2.
Poetry, therefore, is a more philosophical and a higher thing than history: for
poetry tends to express the universal, history the particular. (Aristotle,
Poetics)
a.
Premise:poetry tends to express the universal, history the particular
b. Conclusion: Poetry, therefore, is a more philosophical and a higher
thing than history
c.
Therefore - Conclusion Indicatory Term
d.
For - Premise Indictory Term
3.
Dark matter and dark energy exist in the universe, not because we’ve
detected them directly, but because they have noticeable effects on matter
that surrounds them. (Randall, Warped Passages)
a.
Premise: we’ve detected them directly
b. Premise: they have noticeable effects on matter that surrounds them
c.
Conclusion: Dark matter and dark energy exist in the universe
d. Because - Premise Indicatory Term
4.
Since populations tend to increase by a certain proportion per generation, it
follows that if you space the generations out more, the population will grow
at a slower rate per year. (Dawkins, The Selfish Gene)
a.
Premise: populations tend to increase by a certain proportion per
generation
b. Premise: if you space the generations out more
c.
Conclusion: the population will grow at a slower rate per year
d. Since - Premise Indictory Term
5.
Justice is a name for certain classes of moral rules, which concern the
essentials of human well-being more nearly, and are therefore of more
absolute obligation, than any other rules for the guidance of life. (John Stuart
Mill, Utilitarianism)
a.
Premise: concern the essentials of human well-being more nearly
b. Conclusion: more absolute obligation, than any other rules for the
guidance of life
c.
Therefore - Conclusion Indicatory Term
6. Manage all your actions, words, and thoughts accordingly, since you may at
any time quit life. (Marcus Aurelius, Meditations)
a.
Premise: you may at any time quit life
b. Conclusion: Manage all your actions, words, and thoughts accordingly
7.
Neither a borrower nor a lender be. For loan o± loses both itself and friend,
and borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. (Shakespeare, Hamlet)
a.
Premise: loan o± loses both itself and friend
b. Premise: borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry
c.
Conclusion: Neither a borrower nor a lender be
d. For - Premise Indictory Term
e.
And - conjunction
8. Not life, but a good life is to be chiefly valued. A good life is equivalent to a
just and honorable one. Escaping punishment is not just and honorable. For
these reasons I will not attempt to escape. (Plato, Apology)
a.
Premise: these reasons I will not attempt to escape
b. Premise: Escaping punishment is not just and honorable
c.
Premise: A good life is equivalent to a just and honorable one
d. Conclusion: a good life is to be chiefly valued
e.
For - Premise Indictory Term
9. If there is a hidden taboo among liberals, it is to resist talking too much
about values, because such discussions remove the focus from structures and
especially because they obscure the positive role of government. (Cornel
West, Race Matters)
a.
Premise: such discussions remove the focus from structures
b. Premise: they obscure the positive role of government
c.
Conclusion: it is to resist talking too much about values
d. Because - Premise Indicatory Term
10. The strongest is never strong enough to be always the master, unless [one]
transforms strength into right, and obedience into duty. Hence the right of
the strongest is really laid down as a fundamental principle. (Rousseau, The
Social Contract)
a.
Premise: transforms strength into right
b. Premise: obedience into duty
c.
Conclusion: the right of the strongest is really laid down as a
fundamental principle
d. Hence - Conclusion Indicatory Term
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