Midterm Intro to Ethics (1)
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Dec 6, 2023
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Midterm Intro to Ethics (50 questions)
What is Ethics
?
1) Which of the following is a moral dilemma?
Should you steal from others in order to provide for your family?
2) What is "reason," as used in this class when referring to ethical
philosophy?
rationality, the intellectual capacity to determine what is true
3) Moral relativism is like saying...
You like chocolate ice cream, and I like strawberry; it's just personal
preference
4) Is ethical philosophy predictive or prescriptive?
Prescriptive - telling what people ought to do in a given situation
5) "Ethics," as used in this class, refers to:
the reason-guided study of what we morally ought to do
Argument Analysis & Logic
6) What is "argument by analogy"?
Using an analogous but different situation to test a moral principle
7) Peter Singer argues that if we would save a drowning child in a
shallow pool, we should also take what moral action?
Donate money to charities that save lives
8) What is "moral coherence"?
Having moral conclusions that are coherent across all cases
9) If a political party says that their principle of government is, "We
want to shrink the size of government and get the government out
of our personal lives in order to grant individual freedom," which of
the following is not a coherent policy?
Limiting marriage to only heterosexual (male-female) couples
10)
Take any given ethical principle, such as:
Always tell the truth
Life begins at conception
A woman has a right to control her own body
If we can find one hundred valid arguments by analogy in support of
the principle, how many valid arguments by analogy would it take to
discredit the principle?
One
11)
Judith Jarvis-Thompson uses the analogy of waking up connected
via life-supporting tubes to a world-class violinist in support of...
Abortion
12)
In a given argument, the debate in philosophical ethics revolves
around:
premises that are values
13)
A sound argument is...
A valid argument with true premises
14)
A valid argument might not be true.
True
15)
Often times, it is possible to construct two opposing arguments
that are both valid (such as an argument in favor of abortion and an
argument against abortion). In this case, what should we do?
Test the soundness of the premises using argument by analogy
16)
Which of the following is a valid argument?
Premise 1: All men are dogs.
Premise 2: Socrates was a man.
Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates was a dog.
17)
Which of the following is not a valid argument?
Premise 1: If Joe thinks life is meaningless, then Joe commits
suicide.
Premise 2: Joe commits suicide.
Conclusion: Therefore, Joe thinks life is meaningless.
18)
A valid argument is…
an argument where the conclusion must follow from the premises
19)
Logic is like...
Math
Justice, Chapter 1: Doing the Right Thing
20)
One of the goals of ethics is to arrive at moral coherence.
However, there is the potential to be both coherent while at the
same time promoting injustice and evil. How does Sandel say we
avoid this pitfall?
Doing our moral deliberation with other people
21)
Sandel says there are three main approaches to morality:
Maximizing Welfare
Respecting Freedom
Promoting Virtue
Match these three approaches with their appropriate descriptor on the
left.
Increasing well-being is Maximizing Welfare
Protecting individual rights are Respecting Freedom
Promoting honor and character is Promoting Virtue
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22)
In his lecture, Mr. Cleaver associated Sandel's three approaches to
justice with different components of the decision-making process.
Match each approach to the component Mr. Cleaver outlines in his
lecture.
The person performing the action is Promoting Virtue
The action itself is Respecting Freedom
The consequence of the action is Maximizing Welfare
Justice, Chapter 2: Utilitarianism
23)
The "principle of utility" is:
to maximize pleasure and minimize pain for the greatest number of
people
24)
John Stuart Mill's utilitarianism was the more cold, calculating
doctrine, while Jeremy Bentham's was the more humane doctrine
that respected individual rights.
False
25)
Bentham and Mill are both utilitarians, but Sandel says there is a
key distinction. Bentham says that all pleasures are the same and
can be measured by multiplying the pleasure's intensity by its
duration. Mill says that there are higher and lower pleasures.
True
26)
According to Bentham, a community is what?
A "fictitious body" composed only of the sum of the individuals who
comprise the community.
27)
What is Bentham's primary way of calculating pleasure?
Intensity times duration
28)
Utilitarianism is a way of approaching morality according to which
of Sandel's three approaches?
Maximizing welfare
29)
Utilitarianism says that "I should take whatever action will bring
me the most pleasure."
False
30)
The principle of utilitarianism is based on the assumption that
human beings are governed by two "sovereign masters." What are
these two sovereign masters?
Pleasure and pain
Justice, Chapter 3: Libertarianism
31)
Libertarianism falls under which kind of ethical approach,
according to Sandel?
Respecting freedom
32)
Libertarianism is a consequentialist ethical theory.
False
33)
Libertarians have rebuttals to many arguments of those in favor of
wealth redistribution. Which of the following arguments is the
hardest for a libertarian to rebut?
Wealthy people are lucky
34)
A libertarian would oppose which of the following?
Mandatory seat belt laws
35)
Choose which of the following kind of law a libertarian would
support:
Defense laws (laws that enable for the formation of a military or police
force)
36)
There are multiple ways to argue against income redistribution.
Match the argument with its ethical theory.
Forcing anyone to give any of their money to someone else is theft.
This statement means Libertarianism
Forcing anyone to give away too much money hurts everyone in the
long run because people have no incentive to work hard.
This
statement means Utilitarianism
37)
In the hypothetical trolley problem, a libertarian would refuse to
push the heavy man off of the bridge in order to save the five
workers.
True
38)
Which of the following is not a foundational tenet of
libertarianism?
Maximizing pleasure
39)
In America, between Republicans and Democrats, Republicans are
the libertarian party.
False
Justice, Chapter 4: Markets & Morals
40)
A utilitarian would object to military conscription (mandatory
service though a draft) because it violates a person's right to
freedom.
False
41)
A true libertarian would disagree with which of the following?
Every citizen should be required to serve their country in one
capacity or another.
42)
Sandel says that there is both a libertarian and a utilitarian
argument to support free markets. Match the argument to its
ethical theory.
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Free markets respect voluntary exchange of goods and services
among free individuals. This statement means Libertarianism
Free markets make people happier because of mutually beneficial
transactions. This statement means Utilitarianism
43)
According to Sandel, how are soldiers and surrogate mothers
similar moral issues?
Both deal with goods that should not be degraded by being
exchanged in the free market.
44)
Mary Beth Whitehead appealed her surrogacy case to the New
Jersey Supreme Court. She had originally signed a contract to carry
a baby to term and then give up her maternal rights in order that
William Stern and his wife could adopt it. However, after having the
baby, she decided that she wanted to keep the baby.
The court awarded custody of the child to the father, William Stern, on
the grounds that this was in the best interest of the child.
This decision was not a result of enforcing the contract; the court
actually invalidated the contract. Which of the following is NOT grounds
on which the court invalidated the contract?
Mary Beth Whitehead did not have the mental capacity to sign such a
contract.