Final Exam Reviews Intro to Ethics
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Final Exam Reviews Intro to Ethics
Chapter 5: Immanuel Kant
1. According to Kant, a hypothetical imperative means, "If
you want X, do Y".
True
2. Acting according to Kant's categorical imperative means
to do all of the following, except
Only do something that will benefit other people.
3. According to Kant, in order to act morally, a shopkeeper
should charge all of his customers the same price
because it will be better for his business if he earns a
reputation as a trustworthy businessman.
False
4. Kant says that we should not take out a loan that we
know we cannot repay because to do so would be to
break a promise. According to the first formulation of
the categorical imperative, why is it wrong to break a
promise?
Promise-keeping couldn't exist if everyone broke their
promise
5. According to Kant, how are humans different than
animals?
Human beings have the ability to act autonomously.
6. According to Kant, a right and moral action should not
bring about bad consequences.
False
7. Kant says all of the following are components of acting
morally, except for
Price
8. Kant says that our motive in a moral action should be to
act according to duty, which means
for the sake of the moral law.
9. Which of the following is not a formulation of Kant's
categorical imperative?
Act in such a way as to always maximize the goodness
that results from your action.
10.
Kant thought that lying was justified in certain
circumstances.
False
Chapter 6: John Rawls
11.
What does Rawls say about talent?
Talents should be shared for the benefit of the rest of
society.
12.
Why does John Rawls say we currently live according
to an unequal social contract?
Everyone argues from their original position, which is a
place of inequality.
13.
According to John Rawls, what is the "difference
principle"?
Society should allow for social and economic inequality
only so far as it benefits the least well-off citizens.
14.
According to Sandel, consent is not necessary to
enforce a contract.
True
15.
The only way to devise a fair social contract, according
to John Rawls, is to
agree on a social contract from behind a veil of
ignorance.
16.
What might John Rawls say about LeBron James's
multi-million dollar contract and net worth?
LeBron James is entitled to his earnings.
17.
What does John Rawls mean by a "veil of ignorance"?
We should devise rules for our society from a place of
ignorance, not knowing what our eventual place in
society will be.
18.
Which of the following is not a principle of John
Rawls's property owning democracy?
Welfare principle
19.
What does Rawls think people deserve?
No one deserves anything.
20.
What does Rawls think about desert and entitlement?
People are only entitled to what they acquire as a result
of playing by the rules we all agreed to
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Chapter 7 - Affirmative Action
21.
According to Sandel, including someone on the basis
of race is the same thing as excluding someone on the
basis of race.
False
22.
According to the diversity argument, what role should
affirmative action play in university admissions?
If diversity enables a university to achieve its mission,
then affirmative action policies are warranted.
23.
Which of the following is not one of the reasons
Sandel gives in defense of affirmative action?
Equalizing income inequality
24.
According to Sandel, policies that enact racial quotas
in order to encourage diversity mean what? (Think
about the housing development with racial quotas)
Protecting the spaces allotted to whites, even if there
are higher demands for minority spaces.
25.
Regarding university admissions, what is the problem
with the argument that we need affirmative action
because of the test score gap?
Admissions isn't only about academic promise. There are
other factors to consider.
26.
According to the diversity argument, university
admissions are a reward that we are obligated to give to
the most qualified students.
False
27.
According to Sandel, two of his three defenses of
approaching affirmative action view university
admissions as a reward to be bestowed upon the most
deserving students. Which of the following does not
view university admissions as a reward?
Increasing diversity in order to advance socially worthy
goals
28.
Which of the following is not
one of the objections
given by Sandel for the compensatory argument
defending affirmative action?
Minorities are already equal under the law.
Chapter 8: Aristotle's Virtue Ethics
29.
Aristotle thought that the highest political offices and
honors should go to...
those who are greatest in civic virtue and best at
identifying the common good
30.
The Greek word telos means:
end, purpose, or goal
31.
According to Aristotle, happiness is...
the purpose of all actions
32.
From your reading in Sandel, Aristotle thinks who
should get the best flutes?
the best flute players
33.
Based on Mr. Cleaver's lecture, Aristotle defines
"good" and "bad" as...
something which does or does not perform its proper
function
34.
According to Aristotle virtue is cultivated by...
Habit
35.
According to Sandel, what does Aristotle say is the
purpose of politics?
to form good citizens and to cultivate good character
36.
According to Mr. Cleaver's lecture, we can know a
"good" hammer if...
it performs the function of driving nails well
37.
Based on Mr. Cleaver's lecture, Aristotle's "Golden
Mean" says that virtue...
is an intermediate point between two vices
38.
In order to determine the virtues of a particular
endeavor (such as golfing or cheerleading)...
we must first know the telos of that endeavor
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Chapter 9: Dilemmas of Loyalty
39.
The "narrative conception of the self" is the view
that...
individuals selves are constructed as a result of their
particular time and place in history
40.
Which of the following is an "obligation of solidarity?"
You should save your family member over a stranger
41.
Which of the following is an example of a "natural
duty?"
Do not murder other people
42.
Match each kind of obligation according to whether it
applies universally or particularly, and whether or not it
requires consent.
Applies universally; consent is not required. This means
Natural Duties
Applies particularly; consent required. This means
Voluntary Obligations
Applies particularly; consent not required. This means
Obligations of Solidarity
43.
Which of the following is an example of a "voluntary
obligation?"
You should honor a contract you signed
Chapter 10: The Common Good
44.
Which of the following would be a morally neutral
policy towards same-sex marriage?
Don’t recognize marriage of any kind, but leave this role
to private associations.
45.
According to Sandel, what is the best way to teach
civic virtue?
Bringing people together from different economic
classes, religious backgrounds, and ethnic communities.
46.
In the United States, Democrats have tended to
attempt to remain morally neutral in the public sphere,
while Republicans have promoted policies that reflect
their moral convictions.
True
47.
According to Sandel, governments can remain neutral
on moral issues like abortion.
False
48.
Sandel advocates taxing the rich for what reason?
To rebuild public institutions and services so that rich
and poor alike would want to take advantage of them.
49.
Which of the three main ethical approaches does
Sandel support most for creating a just society?
Promoting Virtue
50.
In order to promote the common good, Sandel thinks
there should be limits to the expansion of markets and
market-oriented reasoning.
True
51.
Which U.S. president argued for limiting personal
morality in public policy, saying "I will make my
decision . . . in accordance with what my conscience tells
me to be the national interest, and without regard to
outside religious pressures
or dictates"?
John F. Kennedy
52.
Which U.S. president argued for incorporating
personal morality in public policy, saying "The majority
of great reformers in American history—were not only
motivated by faith, but repeatedly used religious
language
to argue for their cause"?
Barack Obama
53.
Classic liberal democracy attempts to craft laws that
reflect the highest morality for its citizens.
False
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