Philosophy Exam Reveiw 4

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Philosophy

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Oct 30, 2023

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Philosophy Exam 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_45lkqg 1. Causal Determin- ism - every event has a cause - general way of determinism - cause then effect - Peter van Inwagen - defines determinism as any instant exactly one physically possible future - found support in the discovery of laws of nature - nature is governed by universal laws (causal laws) - option is logically possible 2. Technological Determinism once technology is born, nothing can be done to stop the growth 3. Theological De- terminism based on God's knowledge of the world and everyone in it 4. Indeterminism - some events are uncaused - denial of determinism - libertarians embrace this - claims that some human actions are free - those actions are NOT subject to determinism - option is logically possible 5. Hard Determin- ism (HD) - believe that determinism is true - can't praise or blame people for their actions - don't believe in free will - WILL then ACT - motives are internal and external - when people act, they act on the basis of their own will - a person always acts on their strongest motives - don't believe in human freedom - d'Holbach believes that determinism is NOT compatible with free will, then free will is NOT real - INCOMPATIBILISM 6. Baron d'Holbach - inconsistent with FREE WILL, therefore it does not exist - provacator - STRICT materialist (believes that only materialistic ob- jects/ bodies are real) 1 / 8

Philosophy Exam 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_45lkqg - is a prescient (ahead of his time) - rejects the immaterial soul - atheist (denies existence of God) - believes on the emphasis on the brain - believes that men suppose themselves a free agent bc they are ignorant of all the forces and causes that influence him - says that a man's life is a course that nature compels him to take with a deviation 7. Autonomy greek word that means self rule 8. Free Will - free will and moral responsibility are connected - means doing what you want by choice - some philosophers claim that choice is an illusion - power to choose among real alternative possibilities - requires indeterminism - is not required for many forms of "complex behavior" 9. 4 Theories of Free Will 1. Hard Determinism 2. Libertarianism 3. Soft Determinism 4. Deep Self 10. Garden of Fork- ing Paths Past -> Now -> Future - constructed by Peter Van Inwagen 11. EEG - Benjamin Libet - brain activity is measured 12. Soft Determinism - Walter Stace - determinism is true - determinism does not rule out human freedom - COMPATIBILISM theory (is a form of it) - believe that human freedom exists - believe that determinism is compatible with free will 13. 2 / 8

Philosophy Exam 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_45lkqg How do peo- ple acquire Free Will? - lead to moral responsibility for the most part - same way that people grow with everything - one's childhood might impact their free will 14. Contra-causal Freedom - hold that true free will must be understood as the power to act independently of all causes - also called deep free will 15. Absence of Con- straints - emphasize the agent's ability to do what he/she wants - might be external and internal - our actions are "up to us" 16. Libertarianism - P. Inwagen - believe that free will is not compatible with causality - don't believe that determinism is true - believe that human freedom exists - believe that determinism is NOT compatible with free will - INCOMPATIBILISM - believe that free will is TRUE 17. Moral Responsi- bility - if a person does something morally wrong, they deserve to be blamed for it or punished in some way - if a person does something right, they should receive praise or a reward - reflect that humans are moral agents (they are responsi- ble for their actions) 18. David Hume - believed that our idea of cause and effect was grounded in the repeated observation of conjoined events - cause is not something additional that we can observe - ex: warm weather causes a flower to bloom 19. Immanuel Kant - believes that determinism is a synthetic a priori truth - believes that the human mind is so constricted that we must interpret some of our experiences in terms of the relation of cause and effect 20. According to d'Holbach, all mental and moral purely physical and natural 3 / 8

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Philosophy Exam 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_45lkqg attributes that people think are evidence from an immaterial soul are in fact... 21. People always act according to... necessary natural laws 22. The fact that a person often makes choices proves... nothing about whether the person has free will 23. Man supposed himself a free agent because... he is ignorant of all the forces and causes that influence him 24. T or F: d'Holbach says tear man's life is a course that nature com- pels him to take without deviation True 25. T or F: d' Hol- bach's view is that science pre- cludes the notion of free will True 26. T or F: d'Hol- bach assets that when we delib- erate about a choice, our deci- sion is free and undetermined False 4 / 8

Philosophy Exam 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_45lkqg 27. T or F: d'Hol- bach says that re- ligion is based on the notion of free agency True 28. According to van Inwagen, deter- minism and free will are... profound mysteries 29. Van Inwagen says that there is no position one can take coerc- ing free will that... does not confront us with mystery 30. Van Inwagen thinks that the least mysterious option is to be- lieve that... our deliberations are sometimes undetermined and up to us 31. Van Inwage says that we can liken our future to... a garden of forking paths 32. T or F: Van Inwa- gen is a hard de- terminist False 33. T or F: Van Inwa- gen thinks that a conclusive argu- ment shows that free will is true and that hard determinism is false False 5 / 8

Philosophy Exam 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_45lkqg 34. T or F: Van In- wagen argues for compatibilism False 35. T or F: Van In- wagen believes that sometimes our choices are undetermined True 36. The debate about free will is... merely verbal 37. Philosophers have assumed an incorrect definition of... free will 38. A definition is correct if... it accords with a common usage of the word defined 39. Free acts must be... those whose immediate causes are psychological states in the agent 40. T or F: Stace thinks that de- terminism is in- compatible with moral responsi- bility False (it is compatible) 41. T or F: Stace maintains that punishment can be justified even if determinism is true True 42. T or F: Stace be- lieves that deter- False (is consistent) 6 / 8

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Philosophy Exam 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_45lkqg minism is incon- sistent with free will 43. T or F: Stace re- jects compatabil- ism False 44. According to Frankfurt, per- sons differ from other countries in that they are able to... form second order desires 45. Those who have desires but no second order vio- lations are... wantons 46. Frankfurt's theo- ry accounts for our reluctance to say that free will is enjoyed by... members if other non human animal species 47. Frankfurt's theo- ry explains why freedom of the will is... desirable 48. T or F: Frankfurt insists that hav- ing second order violations is es- sential to being a person True 49. T or F: Frankfurt thinks that being False 7 / 8

Philosophy Exam 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_45lkqg free is fundamen- tally a matter of doing what one wants 50. T or F: Frank- furt agrees with Chrisholm's view of human free- dom False 51. T or F: Frankfurt argues that you are not responsi- ble for your ac- tions if you could not have done otherwise False 52. Compatibilism - free will and determinism are compatible - freedom and determinism might both be true - van Inwagen rejects this 8 / 8