Chapter 5 Discussion
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Philosophy
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Feb 20, 2024
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1.
How are the Aristotelian and the Toulmin approaches to argumentation different? How are they similar?
The structure of these two approaches differentiates. For example, the Aristotelian approach follows the structure: introduction of the issue/thesis, case presentation, refute, evidence, and conclusion. The Toulmin approach follows the structure: claim, grounds, warrant, qualifier, rebuttal, and backing. The Aristotelian approach has five elements, whereas the Toulmin approach contains six. Three aspects of the different approaches are similar: claim, rebuttal, and grounds. In both approaches to writing, the author must express the issue, address the opposition to their argument, and support their claim with evidence, such as facts, data, and reasoning. The purpose of the two-argument approaches is different as well. The purpose of an Aristotelian argument is to convince the audience, while the purpose of a Toulmin argument is to analyze issues that do not have a clear solution. However, the purpose of the two arguments is to persuade the audience to a particular side of the argument, even if it may look different.
2.
Do you believe that presidential debates are good examples of argumentation?
Explain. Presidential debates are good examples of argumentation. I believe this because they utilize key components of argumentation: ethos, logos, and pathos. Presidential candidates often use pathos by trying to relate to their audience, such as by telling stories or reflecting on their own experiences within society. They utilize ethos by proving their character and credibility, this could be through sharing what organizations they associate with and charities they donate to. A candidate may use logos by sharing logical plans backed with evidence, such as by sharing steps they will take to solve national issues once elected as president. A presidential candidate would use ethos, logos, and pathos to persuade their audience to vote for them in the election. They rebut the opposing positions of other candidates and attempt to prove why they are the best fit for the position. Therefore, I do believe that presidential debates are good examples of argumentation. 3.
When you write essays and reports for your classes, how do you establish your credibility?
In contrast, how do students lose their credibility with the instructors who read their work? To establish credibility when writing essays and reports an individual must use ethos and logos. An individual would ethos to show their character and logos to show the reliability of the information that they are sharing. Including relative evidence and accurately citing the sources borrowed from is another way an individual would establish credibility. Although, students can also lose credibility with the instructors who read their work. For example, if an individual uses informal language and does not accurately cite where they found their information, the instructor may view their work as unreliable. Another way an author may not be viewed as credible is if they do not provide evidence that backs their claim, but just insert opinions and personal beliefs into their work. 4.
What are some situations you have been in or have read or heard about in which people’s opinions were so far apart that the best you could hope for was compromise
rather than total victory for one side or the other? A situation that I have been in which people’s opinions were so far apart that the best you could hope for was compromise rather than total victory for one side or the other was at work. At work, two of my coworkers bickered about how to go about the closing tasks. Both of their opinions
were far apart and all I could hope for was compromise. For example, one coworker wanted to deep clean every single station, even if it meant staying later, despite what the
rest of us had planned for our nights and the time our manager wanted us to leave by. Whereas another coworker wanted to rush through our cleaning procedures so that she could leave work early to hang out with friends. I could agree with neither of these sides. Instead, I suggested a compromise, that we spend quality time cleaning our stations within a timely limit. 5.
What are some of the controversial issues in the field of your major or a major that you are considering? Analyze one or more of them using Toulmin’s terms: claim, support, and assumption. I am considering entering the major of social work. A controversial issue within social work is whether clients should have access to their mental health records. Analyzation using Toulmin’s terms: Clients should have access to their mental health records (claim). Clients should be able to access their records through General Rights. General Rights is a privacy rule that “
requires HIPAA covered entities (health plans and most health care providers) to provide individuals, upon request, with access to the protected health information (PHI) about them in one or more "designated record sets" maintained by or for the covered entity,” (Individual’s Right under HIPAA to
Access their Health Information). Clients should have the ability to access their mental health records to improve their health and understand where they are struggling, where they have improved within a period, etc. (support). The General Right that is protected under HIPAA guarantees clients access to their mental health records. Therefore, clients should have a right to their mental health records to improve and understand their health because of the law surrounding it (assumption). 6.
Think of some situations in which each of these approaches to an argument might be
the best approach and why: Aristotelian, Rogerian, Stasis theory, Toulmin model. The Aristotelian approach should be used when trying to convince the audience of a position. An example of a situation would be when presenting the topic of whether all students should wear uniforms. The Rogerian approach should be used when the audience
may not agree with your position because it will help a group find a middle ground. An example of a situation would be the debate on gun control. A middle ground would be implementing laws for the protection of society but not banning guns completely. The Stasis theory is the best approach when forming a plan because it can help prepare an argument for a future debate. An example of a situation would be when finding out you are scheduled for a debate, so you decide to gather reliable information to craft an argument to prepare for the upcoming debate. The Toulmin model should be used when there is no clear solution to an issue because it allows individuals to think critically about proposed solutions to problems that do not have one clear solution. An example of a situation would be when discussing alternatives to using plastic bags. Alternatives to using plastic bags consist of using reusable or paper bags, although there is no clear solution to these alternatives. This is because, even these alternatives, will leave an impact on the environment as well.
Work Cited
“Individuals' Right under HIPAA to Access their Health Information.” HHS.gov
, 5 January 2024, https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/guidance/access/index.html. Accessed 14 February 2024.
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