6420-W3-D1

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Nursing

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Nov 24, 2024

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). COPD is a chronic pulmonary disease that is progressive, which means it worsens over time. With this disease, it causes less air flow in and out of the lungs, compromising gas exchange, making it difficult for the individual to breathe (NIH.gov, 2023). In the United States alone, more than 15 million adults are affected by and diagnosed with this disease, women being the majority. It fosters major disabilities among the diagnosed group and is also the fourth leading cause of death on the United States (NIH.gov, 2023). COPD encompasses two main conditions; this includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. At first, COPD may cause no symptoms or only mild symptoms. As disease progresses, symptoms become more serious. Symptoms include chronic ongoing cough with sputum production, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness or heaviness in chest (NIH.gov, 2022). Screening for COPD include your healthcare provider examining your lungs with a stethoscope to listen for wheezing or other abnormal chest sounds. One major screening is the spirometry. Spirometry can detect COPD before symptoms are recognized. The spirometry is a type of lung function test that measures how much air you breathe out. It also measures how fast you can blow air out (NIH.gov, 2022). Other lung function tests include the peak expiratory flow (PEF) test, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) test, and arterial blood gas test. Lung imaging test include a chest computed tomography (CT) scan, and a chest X-ray (NIH.gov, 2022). The American Academy of Family Physician (AAFP) recommends that the clinicians prescribe antibiotics for adults with acute exacerbations of COPD to improve clinical cure and reduce clinical failure. The second recommendation include prescribed corticosteroids for adults with acute exacerbations of COPD to reduce clinical failure. Short-acting bronchodilators are routinely used to improve symptoms in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD (Stevermer et al., 2021). Pneumonia Pneumonia is an infection that affects one or both lungs. It causes the air sacs, or alveoli of the lungs to fill up with fluid and pus. Bacteria, viruses, or fungi may cause pneumonia (NIH.gov, 2021). Symptoms ranges from mild to serious and may include cough with or without mucus, fever, chills, and trouble breathing. The severity of pneumonia depends on the age of the individual age, the patients’ overall health, and the cause of the infection (NIH. Gov, 2021). Diagnosis of pneumonia include revision of medical history, a physical exam, as well as a chest X-ray. Treatment for pneumonia may include antibiotic, viral or fungal medicines. Recovering from pneumonia may take several weeks. Worsening of symptoms may include intravenous antibiotics and oxygen therapy (NIIH.gov, 2021). Chronic Bronchitis Bronchitis is inflammation of the airways, bronchi. This inflammation causes increase mucus production and other changes. Bronchitis includes acute and chronic. Chronic bronchitis is common among smokers, but they can experience acute episodes due to lung due to a compromised lungs that is susceptible to infections (Johns Hopkins, 2019). Symptoms of chronic bronchitis include cough, coughing up mucus, wheezing and chest discomfort. Chronic bronchitis may also include disability, frequent and severe infections that affect airways, and difficulty breathing. Other symptoms include bluish fingernails, lips,

and skin because of lower oxygen levels, wheezing and crackling sounds with breathing, swollen feet, and heart failure (Johns Hopkins, 2019). Bronchitis diagnosis include pulmonary function tests such as spirometry, and peak flow monitor to assess air flow through the lungs. Arterial blood gas may also be obtained, a pulse oximetry machine to monitor oxygen levels in the blood, chest X-ray, and CT scan. Treatment includes quitting smoking, bronchodilators and steroids, oxygen therapy, humidifying the air, and in rare cases, getting a lung transplants (Johns Hopkins, 2019). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2023). What is COPD?. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/copd U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2022). Symptoms. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/copd/symptoms Stevermer, J. J., Fisher, L., Lin, K. W., Liu, R., Goodenberger, D., Schellhase, K., Vaughan, B., & Bird, M. D. (2021, June 30). Pharmacologic management of COPD exacerbations: A clinical practice guideline from the AAFP. American Family Physician. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0700/od1.html U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2021). What is pneumonia?. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia#:~:text=Pneumonia%20is%20an %20infection%20that ,or%20fungi%20may%20cause%20pneumonia.

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