Patho 8

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1 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Student’s Name University Affiliation Course Professor’s Name Date

2 Case One 1. The Specific Kind of Thyroid Condition That Was Found to Exist in Ms. Jefferson According to The Test Findings That Were Given In this situation, it is reasonable to predict hypothyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid is unable to produce enough thyroid hormones in the bloodstream to affect the levels of the body's processes. Dealing with thyroid hormone discharges and synthesis requires careful attention to the range of T4 levels; a low concentration of T4 thyroid hormone is an indication of hypothyroid disease (Walsh, 2022). Significant contributions to the patient's illness have been found as low T4 concentrations, T4 levels within normal limits, and normal TSH levels. 2. Miss Jefferson Had the Problem of Failing to Mention the Symptoms of Her Unusual Thyroid Disease. If False, Then Due to the multiple systemic manifestations of a particular illness, the lack of any symptoms may be interpreted as the body's abnormal signal when a person is ill. However, the patient's hospital record did not reveal any noteworthy concerns. In other instances, the lack of symptoms may be a telltale sign of this particular type of thyroid issue. The patient's thyroid stimulating hormone levels are somewhat elevated, which is typical of laboratory findings, but won't cause any severe depression symptoms. When hypothyroidism sickness first appears, there are no hypothyroid symptoms and modestly elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone levels (Hughes & Eastman, 2021). 3. What Is the Most Likely Factor That Led to The Condition of Ms. Jefferson's Thyroid? Prolonged exposure to high amounts of cortisol might result in hypothyroidism (Anifantaki et al., 2021). If a person uses corticosteroids often or has a cortisol-producing malignancy, this might occur. Water retention, exhaustion, and elevated blood pressure are just a

3 few of the symptoms that define Cushing syndrome. Diabetes, osteoarthritis, and cardiovascular disease are just a few of the significant health issues it can cause if left untreated. The patient in this example had taken oral prednisone for the prior three weeks and has a history of asthma. Additionally, she has been gaining weight and working longer hours. She could be exhibiting Cushing syndrome, according to each of these signs. As soon as her condition worsens or she begins to exhibit any strange symptoms, including shin splints, depression, or thinning skin, she must contact a doctor. 4. Ms. Jefferson Inquired When the Thyroid Condition Examination Appointment Will Be Scheduled. What Should Be Done When ought she make a follow-up visit for a case review? The client is concerned because she wants to ensure that her illness receives thorough and effective care that conforms to medical standards. Thyroid disorders should be screened for annually in addition to other treatments (Maniakas et al., 2020). But to restore normal hormone levels in the blood following the diagnosis of an illness that impairs thyroid function, therapy must begin immediately. The patient's thyroid hormone levels must be evaluated six weeks after starting medication. The patient should return to the healthcare facility in six weeks for another evaluation of thyroid- stimulating hormone levels to restore them to normal. 5. Thyroid Condition Predicted Symptoms in Ms. Jefferson Patients suffering from a wide range of conditions who are deficient in thyroid- stimulating hormones will display a wide array of signs and symptoms. As can be noted, Ms. Jefferson has so far not observed any major symptoms or indicators at this level. The only exception to this is the information obtained from the laboratory. You should be on the lookout for signs and symptoms such as fatigue, intolerance to colds, unwarranted extra weight gain,

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4 trouble breathing, muscular spasms, concern, impaired memory, and a slowed heart rate. Alterations in mood, feelings of concern, and potentially even mild mental disruptions are among the symptoms, which also include bodily shifts. Case 2 1. The Patient's Lack of Glycemic Control's Most Likely Reason The patient believes that a big element in diabetes disease is the depletion of glucose in the body. The patient's difficulty maintaining their blood sugar levels is most likely due to the medicine prednisone, which was prescribed to them. Because prednisone is a steroid, the treatment that includes its use may cause insulin sensitivity to diminish, leading to an increase in the amount of glucose found in the blood (McCullough et al., 2021). Because of the development of high blood sugar which is characteristic of diabetes condition, the body will lose its insulin sensitivity, which will result in an inability to convert sugar into energy in the right manner. 2. The Patient's Important Activities Should Give Us Some of the Most Important Information About Glucocorticoid Therapy. The engagement between the healthcare practitioner and the patient during therapy should include teaching patients about the steps to take in combination with the selected medicine. The patient must contact a medical expert whenever there are clear signs of infection. The observation that demands their attention the most is this one. When utilizing glucocorticoids, the patient may have side effects such as muscular weakness, coldness, mood swings, agitation, visual issues, and disturbed sleep (Raju et al., 2022). The patient should keep a cautious eye out for any adverse effects and inform the doctor of any contraindications. 3. The Potential Endocrine Disorder That the Patient Is at Risk For

5 If the patient behaves in a particular way that is abnormal, they run the risk of developing Cushing syndrome. It is a disease called endocrine illness. Long-term exposure to high amounts of cortisol can lead to Cushing syndrome, which is characterized by noncancerous tumors of the pituitary gland and stimulation of the adrenal cortex, which increases cortisol production (Schernthaner-Reiter et al., 2019). Prednisone corticosteroid usage has raised the patient's risk of developing Cushing syndrome, according to her medical history. The doctor will need to come up with an alternative treatment plan to help her lower her risk of acquiring the endocrine condition Cushing syndrome. 4 . The Patient Has Had An Acute Loss Of Glucose Control, Necessitating Treatment To Keep Blood Sugar Levels In Check. The patient will mostly receive insulin on an as-needed sliding scale, with the first dose being decided by blood glucose levels. The patient has type 2 diabetes, which is being treated with metformin at the moment. Insulin administration, a potent medicine, is a useful treatment for type 2 diabetes that has compromised insulin functioning. The patient won't be able to regulate their blood sugar levels only with metformin medicine since insulin is necessary for the body's enhanced conversion of sugar to safe energy. Patient education has to be enhanced if the medicine being used is to produce its best results.

6 References Anifantaki, F., Pervanidou, P., Lambrinoudaki, I., Panoulis, K., Vlahos, N., & Eleftheriades, M. (2021). Maternal prenatal stress, thyroid function and neurodevelopment of the offspring: A mini review of the literature. Frontiers in neuroscience , 15 , 692446. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.692446 Hughes, K., & Eastman, C. (2021). Thyroid disease: Long-term management of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Australian journal of general practice , 50 (1/2), 36-42. doi: 10.31128/AJGP-09-20-5653 Maniakas, A., Dadu, R., Busaidy, N. L., Wang, J. R., Ferrarotto, R., Lu, C., ... & Zafereo, M. (2020). Evaluation of overall survival in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, 2000-2019. JAMA oncology , 6 (9), 1397-1404. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.3362 McCullough, D., Webb, R., Enright, K. J., Lane, K. E., McVeigh, J., Stewart, C. E., & Davies, I. G. (2021). How the love of muscle can break a heart: Impact of anabolic androgenic steroids on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, metabolic and cardiovascular health. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders , 22 (2), 389-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.01.009 Raju, N. N., Kumar, K. N. P., & Nihal, G. (2022). Management of Medication-Induced Psychiatric Disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry , 64 (Suppl 2), S281. https://doi.org/10.4103%2Findianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_21_22 Schernthaner-Reiter, M. H., Siess, C., Gessl, A., Scheuba, C., Wolfsberger, S., Riss, P., ... & Vila, G. (2019). Factors predicting long-term comorbidities in patients with Cushing’s syndrome in remission. Endocrine , 64 , 157-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-018- 1819-6

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7 Walsh, J. P. (2022). Thyroid function across the lifespan: do age-related changes matter?. Endocrinology and Metabolism , 37 (2), 208-219. https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1463

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