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1 Student’s Name: Course Number: Professor’s Name Date Annotated Bibliography on the Impact of Backpacks on Children's Posture INTRODUCTION 1. Vaghela, N. P., Parekh, S. K., Padsala, D., & Patel, D. (2019). Effect of backpack loading on cervical and sagittal shoulder posture in standing and after dynamic activity in According to the authors of this article, adolescents or even school-age youngsters undergo faster skeletal and soft tissue growth and development. External factors, such as load bearing and daily physical stresses, can influence the human body's alignment. Day-to-day, sporadic, aberrant postural adjustments could cause discomfort and incapacity. This article is significant in my research paper because it elaborates on how this could affect their musculoskeletal development. This topic has been the subject of numerous studies, illuminating different facets of the influence. Addressing our kids' postural issues with their backpacks is critical to finding solutions and avoiding long-term

2 health problems [ CITATION Vag19 \l 1033 ]. Since it addresses my key research argument, this article is crucial and will be included in my study. CAUSES OF POSTURE PROBLEMS 2. Ozdemir, S., Gencbas, D., Tosun, B., Bebis, H., & Sinan, O. (2021). Musculoskeletal pain, related factors, and posture profiles among adolescents: a cross-sectional study from Turkey. Pain Management Nursing , 22 (4), 522-530 . In this article, the authors argue about how children's musculoskeletal systems are still developing and creating while going through a crucial stage in their physical development. They further elaborate on how the spine, shoulders, and neck can become strained due to improper backpack use, which includes carrying too much weight or wearing the backpack inappropriately. The authors skillfully emphasize how early intervention is essential to avert chronic musculoskeletal problems. This scientific article purposefully aimed to study what causes musculoskeletal pain. This study explains how body posture affects musculoskeletal pain and is associated with physical activity, desk comfort, and teenage academic performance. Ozdemir's article advises on ways to reduce musculoskeletal pain. It is recommended that adolescents be taught proper posture and ergonomic positions for carrying backpacks and sitting in seats [ CITATION Ozd21 \l 1033 ] This essay is significant since it addresses the critical argument I will be making in my research project. HEALTH IMPLICATIONS

3 3. Rusnák, R., Kolarová, M., Aštaryová, I., & Kutiš, P. (2019). Screening and early identification of spinal deformities and posture in 311 children: results from 16 districts in Slovakia. Rehabilitation Research and Practice , 2019 . Rusnak contends the weighty backpacks are causing you to lean forward. A backpack weighing more than advised might make you lean forward. The author's research findings indicate that the body leans forward to compensate for the extra weight, which strains the neck, shoulders, and spine. This forward-leaning posture might eventually lead to the development of round shoulders, an enlarged upper spinal curvature, and general misalignment. This article skillfully emphasizes the startling prevalence of spinal abnormalities in youngsters[ CITATION Rus19 \l 1033 ]. The details offered in this article will bolster my argument regarding the reasons behind our children's poor backpack posture. 4. Yamato, T. P. (2018). Do schoolbags cause back pain in children and adolescents? A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine . In this article, the author contends how backpack posture-related problems affect the day-to-day life of children. Yamato mentions the areas that get involved as a result of this health implication, and they include: Academic Achievement: Poor posture can cause discomfort and pain, making it difficult for a child to concentrate in class and focus on lessons and assignments. Physical discomfort and fatigue may impact academic achievement, causing students to participate in fewer school activities.

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4 Social Communication: A child's confidence in social circumstances may be hampered by chronic discomfort or lousy posture, impacting their willingness to participate in group or physical activities [ CITATION Yam18 \l 1033 ]. Physical Exercises: Youngsters with posture problems connected to backpacks can be less likely to engage in sports or other physical activities since they could make them more uncomfortable. This is relevant to my research paper because it broadly explains the areas that get affected, and that's why I used it for my research. 5. Perrone, M., Orr, R., Hing, W., Milne, N., & Pope, R. (2018). The impact of backpack loads on school children: A critical narrative review. International journal of environmental research and public health , 15 (11), 2529. In this journal, the authors investigate how children misuse backpacks and the long-term and short-term health repercussions that may follow. The additional load might cause musculoskeletal problems such as shoulder pain, neck strain, and discomfort. These are short-term impacts. Perrone’s journal further talks about the extended use of bulky backpacks can have long-term effects, including the development of spinal abnormalities such as kyphosis or scoliosis. After conducting a thorough research, the authors figured out that these anatomical abnormalities may affect general posture, reducing mobility and persistent pain. Poor backpack habits might impede average spinal growth, potentially compromising total physical development. Furthermore, the spine is susceptible during the formative stage of childhood. These difficulties must be addressed to protect children's long-term health and well-being by reducing acute discomfort and averting chronic musculoskeletal problems

5 [ CITATION Per18 \l 1033 ]. This publication demonstrates the significant short- and long-term effects of backpack posture issues, and that's why I used it for my research. PREVENTATIVE MEASURES 6. Hell, A. K. (2021). The influence of backpack weight in school children .Gait, muscle activity, posture and stability. Der Orthopäde, , 50, 446-454. Hell argues on the preventative measures that must be implemented to lessen the negative consequences of backpack use on kids' posture. To begin with, it's crucial to ensure your bag is the right size and weight. Additionally, selecting a gear that fits well aids in adequately distributing weight. Teaching appropriate attire is just as important, “ Wearing a school backpack daily may cause postural problems and affect the gait pattern of children and adolescents. This article highlights on the present study aimed to analyze the influence of a 4 kg backpack load on the gait pattern and postural sway” [ CITATION Hel21 \l 1033 ] . Maintaining balance and avoiding asymmetry can be achieved by promoting the usage of both shoulder straps and adjusting them to sit snugly on the shoulders. Stressing the value of waist belt use when available can also help balance the load. Establishing a culture of awareness and appropriate backpack use through regular education of kids, parents, and educators on these preventative actions promotes musculoskeletal health. It lowers the long-term risk of problems with posture [ CITATION Cha20 \l 1033 ]. This site talks about the appropriate weight that a backpack should have, the right way to carry the backpack, and how parents should ensure their

6 children don't overload their backpacks to avoid the health implications, and that's why I used it for my research. CONCLUSION Finally, it should be noted that the effect of backpacks on kids' posture is a complex issue with both immediate and long-term musculoskeletal consequences. Oversized packs, one-shoulder carrying, and heavy backpacks can cause slouching, asymmetry, and forward-leaning, impeding spinal deformities and impairing general physical development. Given the significance of resolving these problems, taking preemptive action is essential. These include following recommended weight and size limits for backpacks, encouraging correct fitting methods such as wearing waist belts in addition to shoulder straps, and teaching kids, parents, and teachers about ethical backpacking practices. Taking a proactive stance toward one's health and well-being is crucial. By making people aware of the possible repercussions of misusing a backpack, we enable them to make educated decisions and promote a culture that values musculoskeletal health from a young age[ CITATION Lop20 \l 1033 ]. It's not just about getting rid of pain; it's also about setting up the groundwork for lifelong good posture. We can help create environments that promote children's physical well-being, allowing them to manage daily activities with comfort and fostering a lifetime of optimal musculoskeletal health, by working together in advocacy and education.

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7 Works Cited Chalise, G. D. (2020). Parental awareness about school backpacks, weight carried by their children, and related musculoskeletal problems. Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital, 19(2), 97-102. Hell, A. K. (2021). The influence of backpack weight in school children: . Gait, muscle activity, posture and stability. Der Orthopäde, , 50, 446-454. Lopez Hernandez, T. C. ((2020). ). Relationship between school backpacks and musculoskeletal pain in children 8 to 10 years of age: . An observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study. International journ al. Ozdemir, S. G. ((2021).). Ozdemir, S., Genc Musculoskeletal pain, related factors, and posture profiles among adolescents: a cross-sectional study from Turkey. . Pain Management Nursing, , 22(4), 522-530. Perrone, M. O. (2018). The impact of backpack loads on school children: A critical narrative review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(11), 2529. Rusnák, R. K. (2019). Screening and early identification of spinal deformities and posture in 311 children: results from 16 districts in Slovakia. Rehabilitation Research and Practice . Vaghela, N. P. ((2019)). Effect of backpack loading on cervical and sagittal shoulder posture in standing and after dynamic activity in school-going children. . Vaghela, N. P., Parekh, S. K., Padsala, D., & Patel, D. (2019). Effect of backpack loading on Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care , 8(3), 1076. Yamato, T. P. (2018). Do schoolbags cause back pain in children and adolescents? A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine .

_Annotated-Bibliography.edited AB.edited

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