Valerie Human Trafficking as a Public Health Issue

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Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi *

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MISC

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Nursing

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Nov 24, 2024

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WOULD APPROACHING HUMAN TRAFFICKING AS A PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE DECREASE RATES OF POOR HEALTH OUTCOME FOR NORTH KOREA? Students Name Course Institutional Affiliation Professors Name Date

INTRODUCTION • Human trafficking is define as the act of forcibly receiving individuals with the intention of generating profit. • Traffickers exploit and impose control over their victims (Yoon, 2019). • Public health can be defined as a range of initiatives that seek to enhance the well-being of communities . • According to the estimates provided by the International Labor Organization, the global number of individuals who fall victim to various forms of exploitation exceeds 40 million. • Among these victims, about 81% are subjected to forced labor, with approximately 25% being children and 75% being women and girls (Yoon, 2019). • The purpose of this paper is to present evidence that approaching human trafficking from a public health perspective would decrease poor health

EVIDENCE OF THE CONNECTION: HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND POOR HEALTH OUTCOMES • The issue of human trafficking in North Korea is deeply ingrained and encompasses a multifaceted network of interconnected elements. • The absence of personal autonomy renders individuals susceptible to human trafficking, as they actively search for avenues of escape. • Physical health problems might arise because of forced labor, hunger, physical abuse, and exposure to hazardous situations • The presence of injustice becomes apparent through the imposition of heavy penalties against persons who attempt to flee from North Korea. • Individuals subjected to trafficking are disinclined to actively seek assistance or disclose their traumatic encounters (Collins, & Skarparis, 2020). • These manifestations can encompass both physiological and psychological health concerns, encompassing

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CONT. • The inherent tendency of the government to maintain a high level of secrecy, coupled with the pervasive apprehension. • The interrelationships among the absence of liberty, the exploitation of traffickers, the presence of injustice, and the adverse health consequences. • Human trafficking epidemic in North Korea are readily apparent when examining the firsthand experiences of victims.

MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS ONE: HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a pathogenic virus that selectively targets the immune system of the human body. • The disease renders the body very susceptible to infections and specific types of health issues (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022). • An article published in journal of Korean Medical Science investigates high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among inmates in Korean correctional facilities. • The public health problem needs attention among inmates in correctional facilities in Korea. • The occurrence of HIV infection among victims of human trafficking is heightened because of a confluence of factors including  Exposure to high-risk circumstances,

MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS TWO: RECTAL TRAUMA AND URINARY DIFFICULTIES • Rectal trauma pertains to the occurrence of physical harm or impairment inflicted upon the rectum, the distal segment of the colon situated proximal to the anal opening. • This encompasses many concerns such as  Urinary hesitancy,  Inadequate bladder void,  Heightened frequency or urgency of urine,  Dysuria (lee et al., 2022). • An article published in digestive surgery there exists evidence or study that implies a correlation between people with of low rectal cancer

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MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS THREE: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a clinical diagnosis distinguished psychological and emotional distress. • Individuals may also encounter emotional numbness, detachment, and a diminished inclination towards things that were previously pleasurable. (Nam et al., 2023). • An article published in the Psychological trauma theory, research, practice and policy investigated how many people develop symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). • The need of taking a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach to meeting the mental health needs of those who have survived Human trafficking.

ECONOMIC BURDEN • The health cost human trafficking on healthcare expenditures exhibit  Significant variation contingent upon many aspects  The accessibility  Caliber of healthcare provisions inside the nation • Victims of trafficking frequently experience compromised physical and emotional well-being. • The implementation of a public health framework in addressing human trafficking entails the identification of individuals. • Addressing physical and mental health concerns early can effectively minimize adverse health consequences (Nam et al., 2023). • Participating in cooperative endeavors, such as • Collective investigations • Extradition procedures (rochadi et al., 2022).

CULTURAL AND ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES OF INQUIRY Origin of Injustice: Human Trafficking • Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the transatlantic slave trade forcibly transported millions of Africans to the Americas, where they were made to work as slaves on plantations • In the latter part of the 20th century, global entities and nations began acknowledging human trafficking as a grave offense • Numerous nations in Asia have established legal frameworks to combat human trafficking. • Poverty and the lack of viable economic opportunities push individuals and families to seek better prospects or improved living conditions, rendering them susceptible to the false promises. • Armed conflicts, political instability, and natural calamities

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CONT. • One of the critical factors fueling human trafficking in Asia is  Corruption  A weak rule of law  Inadequate governance systems • This lack of awareness renders them incapable of recognizing trafficking indicators or understanding their rights. • Exploiting this desperation, traffickers make deceitful offers of employment, education, or a superior life overseas. • Political conflicts frequently displace populations, leaving individuals vulnerable (Nam et al., 2021).

MONEY POWER AND CONTROL: DRUG CARTELS AND SEX TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS • According to the latest UNODC Global Report on Trafficking, it encompasses data from 141 nations. • UN plays a vital role in encouraging global collaboration • countering drug cartels and sexual exploitation networks. • Through campaigns, reports, and publications, the UN educates and informs the public about the adverse repercussions of human trafficking. • This knowledge serves as a pivotal resource for well-informed decision-making and the formulation of policies ( Global report on trafficking in persons, 2022 ). • Financial probes carried out by entities like the DEA are directed at the fiscal framework of drug

LEGISLATION: THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING ORDINANCE (PACHTO) • The Prevention and Control of Human Trafficking Ordinance (PACHTO) appears to be a comprehensive legislative measure, designed to prevent and combat human trafficking. • The ordinance includes strategies and initiatives aimed at thwarting human trafficking, including  Initiatives to raise awareness  Educational campaigns  Community involvement. • Moreover, it advocates for synergies and cooperation between  Government entities  Non-governmental organizations  Corporate entities  Civil society (Global database on violence against women, n.d).

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CULTURAL NORMS: RAPE CULTURE AND VICTIM BLAMING • Rape culture and victim blaming pose significant and widespread concerns. • Rape culture denotes a social context where acts of rape and sexual assault are normalized due to prevailing attitudes. • Victim blaming constitutes a harmful practice wherein survivors of sexual assault are made responsible. • Victim blaming reinforces imbalanced power dynamics and dissuades survivors from reporting the crime and seeking legal redress (Winzer et al., 2019). • The normalization of sexual violence within rape culture can create a perception that sexual exploitation, a prevalent aspect of human trafficking is accepted (Winzer et al., 2019).

ETHICAL OBLIGATION OF THE HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONAL: FUTURE NURSE • The American Hospital Association (AHA) plays a crucial role in combating and addressing human trafficking within the healthcare system. • The National Association of School Nurses (NASN) plays a crucial role in preventing and addressing human trafficking within the educational sector. • The National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners (NAPNAP) plays a crucial role in preventing and addressing human trafficking involving minors.

CONT. • The nursing organizations have initiated several efforts aimed at  Spreading awareness,  Educating healthcare professionals  Establishing strategies for the identification of trafficking victims. • Their aim is to broaden awareness and knowledge, ultimately fostering a safer environment within schools and local communities (National Association of School Nurses, n.d). • They stress the significance of educating pediatric nurse practitioners to identify trafficking signs

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CONCLUSION • Human trafficking in North Korea presents a serious concern for public health, leading to a surge in unfavorable health results throughout the country. • Initiate worldwide educational initiatives to inform the public about the extent and repercussions of human trafficking in North Korea. • The evidence supports that law enforcement entities, border security, and pertinent officials on recognizing and handling instances of human trafficking. • Elevate their ability to scrutinize and take legal action against perpetrators while ensuring the rights of victims are protected. • Thus, human trafficking should be approached as a public health issue to ensure safety of North

REFERENCES • Burns, C. J., Chen, K., & Stoklosa, H. (2021). Pushing for the same thing on the same set of tracks: a qualitative study exploring the anti-trafficking response in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. BMC public health, 21(1), 1204. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11213-w • Camp, M. A., Barner, J. R., & Okech, D. (2018). Implications of human trafficking in Asia: A scoping review of aftercare initiatives centered on economic development. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work, 15(2), 204–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/23761407.2018.1435326 • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, September 29). High risk substance use in youth. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. • Choi, S., Lee, E., & Bang, J. H. (2021). High prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among inmates in Korean Correctional Facilities. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 36(14). https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e92 • Collins, C., & Skarparis, K. (2020). The impact of human trafficking in relation to maternity care: A literature review. Midwifery, 83, 102645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2020.102645 • Dalla, R. L., Roselius, K., Erwin, S., Peter, J., Panchal, T. J., Ranjan, R., Mischra, M., & Sahu, S. (2022). Family Sex Trafficking Among the Bedia Caste of India: Defying the Dominant Human Trafficking Discourse. Journal of interpersonal violence, 37(23-24), NP22966–NP22991. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211073104 • Global database on violence against women. Prevention and Control of Human Trafficking Ordinance. (n.d.). https://evaw-global- database.unwomen.org/en/countries/asia/pakistan/2002/prevention-and-control-of-human-trafficking-ordinance • Global report on trafficking in persons - 2022 - world. ReliefWeb. (2023, January 24). https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-report-trafficking-persons-2022 • https://doi.org/10.1080/23761407.2018.1435326 • Human trafficking prevention. NAPNAP. (2021). https://www.napnap.org/human-trafficking-prevention/ • Human trafficking. Human Trafficking - National Association of School Nurses. (n.d.). https://www.nasn.org/nasn-resources/professional-practice- documents/position-statements/ps-human-trafficking • Lee, T. H., Kwak, J. M., Yu, D. Y., Yang, K. S., Baek, S. J., Kim, J., & Kim, S. H. (2022). Lower Incidence of Postoperative Urinary Retention in Robotic Total Mesorectal Excision for Low Rectal Cancer Compared with Laparoscopic Surgery. Digestive surgery, 39(2-3), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000522229 • Mumey, A., Sardana, S., Richardson-Vejlgaard, R., & Akinsulure-Smith, A. M. (2021). Mental health needs of sex trafficking survivors in North Korea: Reflections on exploitation, coping, and recovery. Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy, 13(2), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000603 • Nam, B., Kim, J., Ryu, W., Kim, D. I., Frey, J. J., & DeVylder, J. (2021). Perceived social stigma, self‐concealment, and suicide risk among North Korean refugee women exposed to traumatic events. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 51(6), 1235–1246. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12805

Valerie Human Trafficking as a Public Health Issue

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