Summarizing_The_Literature.edited.docx

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Nov 24, 2024

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1 Summarizing The Literature Author(s)’s First and Last Name(s) University Name

2 This semester, we read and discussed six journal articles that addressed the issue of weight stigma and its impact on public health, cardiovascular reactivity, health motivation, inhibitory control, food selection, and internalized weight bias. 1. The first article we read and discussed this semester, written by Pearl (2018), focused on the public health implications of weight bias and stigma and proposed structural solutions to combat these issues. The author argued that weight stigma is a serious public health concern that can lead to negative health outcomes, such as depression, anxiety, and unhealthy behaviours. The article emphasized the need for structural solutions, such as policies and laws that promote anti- stigma attitudes and behaviours. The author highlighted that weight stigma is prevalent in many settings, including healthcare, education, and the media, and can lead to discrimination and bias against individuals with obesity (Pearl, 2018). The article also highlighted the negative impact of weight stigma on mental health and body image, which can further perpetuate the weight gain and stigma cycle. The article proposed several structural solutions to combat weight bias and stigmas, such as policies that promote anti-stigma attitudes and behaviours, laws that protect against weight- based discrimination, and initiatives that educate healthcare providers and the public about weight stigma and its impact on health. It highlights the importance of addressing weight bias and stigma as public health concerns and proposes several structural solutions to promote anti- stigma attitudes and behaviours (Pearl, 2018). The article provides a strong foundation for further research and intervention development, emphasizing the need for a multi-faceted approach involving policymakers, healthcare providers, and the public. 2. The second study, "The Effects of an Acute Weight Stigma Exposure on Cardiovascular Reactivity among Women with Obesity and Hypertension: A Randomised Trial" by Panza et al.

3 (2022), looked into the physiological effects of weight stigma on women with obesity and hypertension. In order to determine whether acute exposure to weight stigma enhanced cardiovascular reactivity — a risk factor for cardiovascular disease — the study looked at whether this was the case. Many obese and hypertensive women in the randomized trial were exposed to weight-stigmatizing or non-stigmatizing settings (Panza et al., 2022). While the non-stigmatizing condition involved watching a neutral video, the weight-stigmatizing condition involved watching a video that used stigmatizing language about people with obesity. Heart rate and blood pressure monitors were used to gauge the subjects' cardiovascular responsiveness. The findings demonstrated that among obese and hypertensive women, acute weight stigma exposure increased cardiovascular reactivity significantly. Compared to the non- stigmatizing condition, the weight-stigmatizing condition resulted in a greater rise in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate. According to these results, weight stigma may have physiological repercussions on the body that raise an obese person's risk of cardiovascular disease (Panza et al., 2022). It has significant ramifications for managing and avoiding cardiovascular disease in obese individuals. The findings imply that essential interventions for lowering cardiovascular risk in this population may include eliminating weight stigma and encouraging anti-stigma attitudes and behaviours. The study also emphasizes the importance of healthcare professionals being aware of the possible physiological implications of weight stigma. 3. Vartanian, Pinkus, and Smyth (2018) explored the effects of weight stigma in daily life and how they affect health motivation in their third article. The authors made the case that weight stigma can harm people's motivation to practice healthy behaviours and contribute to a cycle of weight increase and stigma. The study examined earlier studies on weight stigma and discovered

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4 that encounters with it are frequent and can occur in various contexts (Vartanian et al., 2018). The writers also covered the physiological and psychological consequences of weight stigma, including elevated stress, sadness, and inflammation, which can severely impact one's health. The authors put out a theoretical framework connecting self-regulation techniques and good health motivation with weight stigma. The model suggests that stigma associated with weight can obstruct self-regulation functions, which are crucial for sustaining motivation to engage in healthy behaviours. For instance, people who experience weight stigma may be less likely to set goals, check on their progress, and persevere in the face of challenges (Vartanian et al., 2018). The report also covered possible remedies for lowering the damaging impact of weight stigma on health inspiration. The authors recommended that therapies foster body acceptance, enhance social support, and enhance self-regulation abilities. They also emphasized how crucial it is to use policy and education to lessen weight stigma on a societal level. 4. The fourth research we read, by Araiza and Wellman (2017), investigates the connection between food choice, inhibitory control, and weight stigma. The authors contend that weight stigma can diminish the capacity to regulate impulses and make healthy dietary decisions. In two investigations, individuals were exposed to either control or weight-stigmatizing stimuli before performing tasks that assessed inhibitory control and food choice to test this theory. Compared to individuals exposed to control stimuli, people exposed to weight-stigmatizing stimuli displayed worse inhibitory control. They were likelier to choose high-calorie meals in a food choice test (Araiza & Wellman, 2017). The second experiment confirmed similar results and discovered that participants who were overweight or obese were more affected by the stigma associated with their weight while choosing foods.

5 These findings have significant public health ramifications and emphasize the need for initiatives to combat the stigma associated with being overweight and encourage healthy eating habits. The authors contend that lowering the stigma associated with obesity may enhance inhibitory control and food preference, improving health outcomes. Using experimental methods and selecting a varied sample of participants are two of the study's many positive aspects (Araiza & Wellman, 2017). It is crucial to remember that the study has some restrictions. The tests only examined the immediate impact of exposure to the weight stigma, and the sample size was limited. Future studies that employ larger samples and look at the long-term effects of weight stigma exposure on inhibitory control and food choice can overcome these constraints. 5. The fifth article examines the prevalence of internalized weight stigma among US adults and its sociodemographic factors. It is titled "Internalizing Weight Stigma: Prevalence and Sociodemographic Considerations in US Adults" and was published in 2019 by Puhl, Himmelstein, and Quinn. The internalization of unfavourable weight-related preconceptions, which leads to self-directed stigma and shame, is described by the authors as internalized weight stigma. According to the study, internalized weight stigma appears to be a common problem among adults, polling 1,203 US adults (Puhl et al., 2017). Of the participants, 70% reported experiencing internalized weight stigma to some extent. The study also discovered that people who identify as overweight or obese, female, and white are more likely to have internalized weight stigma. These findings show that weight stigma disproportionately affects certain populations, so it must be addressed as a social justice issue. In addition, the authors contend that resolving internalized weight stigma can enhance mental and physical health outcomes. Small sample size and self-report biases are just two of the study's many drawbacks. However, the results offer important new information about the sociodemographic factors and

6 the prevalence of internalized weight stigma in the US (Puhl et al., 2017). The authors stress the need for anti-stigma policies, laws, and treatments supporting empowerment, self-acceptance, and a good body image. According to the findings, attempts to lessen weight stigma should concentrate on internalized and external sources of stigma, as both can hurt a person's mental and physical health. 6. The sixth article, by Ramos Salas et al. (2019), discusses the problem of internalized weight bias in obese people. The authors highlight the negative impact of internalized weight prejudice on psychological and physical health outcomes and propose that it is vital to address this issue in obesity management programs. To resolve internalized weight prejudice, the authors suggest a three-step intervention plan. The first phase includes recognizing and confronting internalized weight bias, which can be done through cognitive-behavioural therapy and mindfulness approaches (Ramos Salas et al., 2019). This stage focuses on assisting individuals in identifying and addressing their negative self-talk and establishing more positive self-talk. It entails creating alternative self-identities, which can be done by encouraging statements and guided visualization techniques. The emphasis is on assisting people in creating new, positive self-identities that are not based on their weight. This phase assists people in feeling a sense of connection to others with similar experiences and objectives (Ramos Salas et al., 2019). With the detrimental effects of internalized weight bias, this three-step intervention paradigm can potentially improve psychological and physical health outcomes for individuals living with obesity. To guarantee that patients receive full and holistic therapy that addresses the psychological and social elements of obesity, they recommend integrating this model into programmes for managing obesity.

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7 In conclusion, the literature we read and discussed this semester sheds light on the pervasive issue of weight stigma and its impact on public health. The six journal articles presented diverse perspectives, from examining the physiological effects of weight stigma exposure to proposing intervention models that address internalized weight bias and promote positive social interactions. These articles highlight the need for structural solutions and interventions that tackle weight stigma, promote anti-stigma attitudes and behaviours, and the importance of improving health motivation and reducing the negative health outcomes associated with weight stigma. Overall, this literature underscores the importance of raising awareness about weight stigma and combating it to promote better health and well-being for all individuals.

8 References Araiza, A. M., & Wellman, J. D. (2017). Weight stigma predicts inhibitory control and food selection in response to the salience of weight discrimination. Appetite , 114 , 382- 390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.04.009 Panza, G. A., Puhl, R. M., Taylor, B. A., Cilhoroz, B., Himmelstein, M. S., Fernandez, A. B., & Pescatello, L. S. (2022). The effects of an acute weight stigma exposure on cardiovascular reactivity among women with obesity and hypertension: A randomized trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 165 , 111124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111124 Pearl, R. L. (2018). Weight bias and stigma: Public health implications and structural solutions. Social Issues and Policy Review , 12 (1), 146 – 182. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12043 Puhl, R. M., Himmelstein, M. S., & Quinn, D. M. (2017). Internalizing weight stigma: Prevalence and Sociodemographic considerations in US adults. Obesity , 26 (1), 167- 175. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22029 Ramos Salas, X., Forhan, M., Caulfield, T., Sharma, A. M., & Raine, K. D. (2019). Addressing internalized weight bias and changing damaged social identities for people living with obesity. Frontiers in Psychology , p. 10 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01409 Vartanian, L. R., Pinkus, R. T., & Smyth, J. M. (2018). Experiences of weight stigma in everyday life: Implications for health motivation. Stigma and Health , 3 (2), 85- 92. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000077

Summarizing_The_Literature.edited.docx

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