Final Project

Social and Economic Factors Influencing Tuberculosis in Vietnam • Poverty • Education • Healthcare Access Socioeconomic factors affecting TB: • Living conditions • Cultural practices Social determinants affecting TB: • Malnutrition • HIV/AIDS Relationship between TB and other health issues:

Historical Efforts to Address TB in Vietnam Strengths • Establishment of TB clinics • Awareness campaigns • Training healthcare workers Gaps • Limited reach to remote areas • Stigma and social barriers • Integration of comorbidity management

Global Health Governance’s Role in Historical Responses Policy alignment Financial support Knowledge transfer Internation al recognition

Current Efforts to Address TB in Vietnam Strengths • Enhanced diagnostics • Public awareness campaigns • DOTS Gaps • Access to remote areas • Integration with primary healthcare • Health inequities • Community engagement

Intersecting Policies and Partnerships in Current Practice Policy frameworks Strategic partnerships Resource allocation Public- private collaboration Monitoring and evaluation

Enhancing Intervention Strategies Digital health solutions can improve equitable access to care, reduce diagnosis and treatment delays, and facilitate remote follow-up Four functions: Patient care Surveillance and monitoring Program management Electronic learning Digital health has the potential to revolutionize TB care

Continuing Effective Approaches Political commitment Collaboration between sectors Increasing training for healthcare workers Increasing knowledge for the community Community engagement

Impact on Global Health Governance World Health Organization’s End TB Strategy sets targets for reducing TB globally International alignment with these goals is essential • Vietnam’s National Strategic Plan ✓ Impact of recommendations for Vietnam contribute to global efforts Vietnam is committed to global TB control efforts that align with WHO targets and contribute to the global fight against TB

Communication Strategies for Addressing TB in Vietnam Bridging Gaps, Fostering Understanding, and Mobilizing Stakeholders

Cultural Considerations in Communication Language and dialects Stigma and perception Traditional beliefs and healers Community leaders and elders Familial and community bonds

Alternative Forms of Communication  Combination of mass media and interpersonal communication strategies:  Community workshops  Community theater  Mobile health apps  Social media campaigns  Storytelling and testimonials  Visual communication

Strategies to Encourage Stakeholder Mobilization Stakeholder engagement workshops Advocacy campaigns Community-based initiatives Public-private partnerships Peer education programs

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References cont.  Redwood, L., Fox, G. J., Nguyen, T. A., Bernarys, S., Mason, P., Vu, V. A., Nguyen, V. N., & Mitchell, E. M. H. (2022). Good citizens, perfect patients, and family reputation: Stigma and prolonged isolation in people with drug-resistant tuberculosis in Vietnam. PLOS global public health , 2 (6), e0000681. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000681  Sarwar, G., Khan, S. M., Irfan, S. D., Khan, M. N., Reza, Md. M., Rana, A. K., Banu, R. S., Ahmed, S., Banu, S., & Khan, S. I. (2023). Community based peer-led TB Screening Intervention: An innovative approach to increase TB knowledge, presumptive case identification, and referral among sexual minority people in urban Bangladesh. BMC Health Services Research , 23 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09737-5  Theng, Y.-L., Goh, L. Y., Lwin, M. O., & Shou-Boon, S. F. (2013). Dispelling myths and misinformation using social media: A three-countries comparison using the case of tuberculosis. 2013 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics . https://doi.org/10.1109/ichi.2013.34 Thuy, D.O., Llanos-Zavalga, F., Huong, N.T.M., Poppe, P., Tawfik, Y., and Church-Balin, C. (September 2004). The Role of Health Communication in Achieving Global TB Control Goals — Lessons from Peru, Vietnam and Beyond. Health Communication Insights Summary. Baltimore: Health Communication Partnership based at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health / Center for Communication Programs. https://stoptb.org/assets/documents/countries/acsm/summary.pdf  Thuy, D.O., Llanos-Zavalga, F., Huong, N.T.M., Poppe, P., Tawfik, Y., and Church-Balin, C. (September 2004). The Role of Health Communication in Achieving Global TB Control Goals — Lessons from Peru, Vietnam and Beyond. Health Communication Insights Summary. Baltimore: Health Communication Partnership based at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health / Center for Communication Programs. https://stoptb.org/assets/documents/countries/acsm/summary.pdf  Tran, P. M., Dam, T. A., Huynh, H. B., Codlin, A. J., Forse, R. J., Dang, H. M., Truong, V. V., Nguyen, L. H., Nguyen, H. B., Nguyen, N. V., Creswell, J., Meralli, F., Morishita, F., Dong, T. T., Nguyen, G. H., & Vo, L. N. (2022). Evaluating novel engagement mechanisms, yields and acceptability of tuberculosis screening at retail pharmacies in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. PLOS Global Public Health , 2 (10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000257  Tran, N. B., Houben, R. M., Hoang, T. Q., Nguyen, T. N., Borgdorff, M. W., & Cobelens, F. G. (2007). HIV and tuberculosis in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 1997-2002. Emerging infectious diseases , 13 (10), 1463–1469. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1310.060774  Trinh, Q. M., Nguyen, H. L., Do, T. N., Nguyen, V. N., Nguyen, B. H., Nguyen, T. V. A., Sintchenko, V., & Marais, B. J. (2016). Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection in Vietnam. International Journal of Infectious Diseases , 46 , 56–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2016.03.021  U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). (2020). New Detection Strategy Expands TB treatment in Vietnam . https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/health-areas/tuberculosis/resources/news-and-updates/global-accelerator-end-tb/stories/new-detection-tb-vietnam  U.S. Agency for International Development. (2023, July 7). USAID support to end tuberculosis: Vietnam: Fact sheet . https://www.usaid.gov/vietnam/fact-sheets/usaid-support-end-tuberculosis  U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). (2022a). The United States Delivers New Tools, Medications to Help Vietnam Close Tuberculosis Detection and Treatment Gaps . Retrieved from https://www.usaid.gov/vietnam/press-releases/feb-16-2022-united-states-delivers-new-tools-medications-help-vietnam

References cont.  U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). (2022b). Vietnam Tuberculosis Roadmap Overview, Fiscal Year 2022 . https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2022-12/Vietnam_TBRM22_TB_DIAH_508c.pdf  United Nations. (2023). The 17 Goals . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/goals  Vo, L. N. Q., Codlin, A. J., Huynh, H. B., Mai, T. D. T., Forse, R. J., Truong, V. V., Dang, H. M. T., Nguyen, B. D., Nguyen, L. H., Nguyen, T. D., Nguyen, H. B., Nguyen, N. V., Caws, M., Lonnroth, K., & Creswell, J. (2020). Enhanced Private Sector Engagement for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Reporting through an Intermediary Agency in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. Tropical medicine and infectious disease , 5 (3), 143. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030143  Vree, M., Bui, D. D., Dinh, N. S., Nguyen, V. C., Borgdorff, M. W., & Cobelens, F. G. (2007). Tuberculosis trends, Vietnam. Emerging infectious diseases , 13 (5), 796– 797. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1305.060904  World Bank Open Data. (2023). Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people) - Vietnam . https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.TBS.INCD?locations=VN  World Health Organization. (2023a). Find. treat. all. #EndTB . World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/initiatives/find-treat-all-endtb  World Health Organization. (2023b). Global tuberculosis report 2022 . World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2022  World Health Organization. (2023c). The end TB strategy . World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/the-end-tb-strategy  World Health Organization. (2023d). TB guidelines . World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/digital/global-tuberculosis-report-2021/featured-topics/tb-guidelines  World Health Organization. (2023e). Tuberculosis (TB) . https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis  World Health Organization. (2023f). Tuberculosis in Viet Nam . https://www.who.int/vietnam/health-topics/tuberculosis  World Health Organization. (2018). Viet Nam on track to end tuberculosis . World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/vietnam/news/detail/03-10-2018-viet-nam-on-track-to-end-tuberculosis