HW499 Bachelors Capstone - Unit 4 Speaker Notes

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Purdue Global University *

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499

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Medicine

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Jan 9, 2024

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Slide 1: Title and Introductions (8 minutes) Good morning, class, and welcome to this week's course titled Herbs . Before we begin, I would like to take a few minutes for everyone to introduce themselves. One by one, please stand up and state your name, ethnicity, where you are from, and why you are taking this class. I will start first. My name is Student; I am part German and part Czechoslovakian, I live in City, State, and I will be your instructor for this course. Slide 2: Course Objectives (2 minutes) The objectives for this course are:  To define the term herb, according to herbal medicine.  To learn its history.  To understand the possible benefits, risks, and side effects of using herbs for health and wellness.  To explore how different cultures around the world use herbs.  To engage in a fun activity. Slide 3: What Is an Herb? (1 minute) So, what exactly is an herb? In the context of herbal medicine, herbs may refer to a herbaceous plant and a wide variety of its parts, including leaves, flowers, roots, seeds, bark, the fruit of shrubs, trees, woody vines, as well as extracts of these plants, which are used for culinary, medicinal, or aromatic qualities (Craig, 1999). Slide 4: Herb Background (5 minutes) Since prehistoric times, indigenous people have relied on herbs for food and medicinal purposes. In fact, evidence from several sources, including historical documents, monuments, and authentic plant medicine recipes, can attest to the long history of human civilization's pursuit of medicinal plants in the natural world. Both the Bible and the Talmud include references to the use of fragrant herbs like myrtle and incense in ceremonies performed in conjunction with medical care (Petrovska, 2012). Many common pharmaceuticals are derived from herbs. A few examples of some of the effective drugs available a century ago are morphine (opium poppy), digoxin (fox glove), aspirin (willow bark), and quinine (cinchona bark) (Abdel-Aziz et al., 2016). Slide 5: Timeline of Medicinal Herbs (7 minutes)  An estimated 5000-year-old Sumerian clay slab from Nagpur records the first known use of herbs in medicine production. It included 12 drug preparation formulas for more than 250 plants, including alkaloid-containing plants such as poppy, henbane, and mandrake (Petrovska, 2012).

 Around 2500 BC, Emperor Shen Nung wrote "Pen T'Sao," which discusses plants and roots in Chinese medicine. The book covers 365 drugs made from dried parts of medicinal plants, including popular ones like ephedra, ginseng, camphor, and cinnamon bark, which are still used today (Petrovska, 2012).  During the Middle Ages, monasteries became centers for the practice of healing, medicinal plant cultivation, and drug preparation. The monastic medical communities relied on a selection of 16 medicinal herbs, including mint, tansy, anise, and sage, for treatment.  A significant shift in the understanding and use of herbs as medicines occurred in the early 19th century. First, alkaloids were discovered, validated, and isolated from plants like poppy, quinine, pomegranate, and others. Secondly, glycosides were isolated, marking the birth of scientific pharmacy. Other active plant compounds, including tannins, hormones, and vitamins, were also found due to the advancement of chemical procedures.  The 1960s and 1970s saw the beginning of herbalism's rebirth in the United States, and its acceptability and popularity have steadily grown throughout the years since then. Osteopathic and naturopathic doctors have long utilized herbs, but only recently have they made their way into mainstream medicine as part of the integrated or functional medicine movement ( Herbal history: Roots of western herbalism , 2021). Slide 6: Start Your Own Herb Garden Handout (3 minute) This handout provides some examples of herbs you can start growing at home, along with some of their potential benefits. Do any of you already have a garden with one or more of these herbs? Which herbs have you tried? Slide 7: Possible Benefits & Risks (5 minutes) Now let's talk about a few of the many benefits and possible risks of some common herbs.  Peppermint can be used for coughs, colds, sinus infections, and various digestive issues like gas, diarrhea, nausea, and irritable bowel syndrome. When applied to the skin, peppermint oil may help ease muscle pain, itchiness, and headaches. Side effects may include allergic reactions and heartburn. Kidney damage may result from using large amounts of peppermint oil (Abdel-Aziz et al., 2016).  Parsley may help treat coughs, kidney stones, fluid retention, blood pressure, urinary tract infections, diabetes, asthma, and sleep conditions. Parsley may cause allergic skin reactions. Kidney stones, gouty arthritis, and mineral deficiencies may occur from prolonged consumption (Abdel-Aziz et al., 2016). Slide 8: Possible Benefits & Risks (5 minutes)  Rosemary is recognized for its potent antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The carnosic acid found in the herb may help protect against Alzheimer's and carcinogens. It is unsafe to consume the herb's undiluted oil. Taking large quantities of it results in kidney irritation, vomiting, skin redness, sun sensitivity, uterine bleeding, and allergic reactions (Abdel-Aziz et al., 2016).

 Ginseng can be used for kidney disease, diabetes, flu, ADHD, Alzheimer's, chemotherapy side effects, and blood vessel and heart conditions. Side effects may include skin rash, diarrhea, drowsiness, increased blood pressure, nervousness, muscle spasms, and euphoria (Abdel-Aziz et al., 2016). Slide 9: Possible Benefits & Risks (5 minutes)  Aloe vera is used for burn injuries, wound healing, immune modulation, and cell growth. It is also used as an antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging. Side effects from using aloe vera may include cramps, abdominal spasms, allergic reactions, pain, kidney damage, and hepatoxicity (Abdel-Aziz et al., 2016).  Dill may help with digestive issues such as flatulence and loss of appetite. It may also help treat hemorrhoids, coughs, colds, fever, urination problems, menstrual cramps, and nerve pain. A possible side effect of using dill is skin irritation; sun sensitivity may occur from using fresh dill juice (Abdel-Aziz et al., 2016). Slide 10: Possible Benefits & Risks (5 minutes)  As a culinary herb, fresh dandelion is one of the best sources of vitamin A, which is necessary for healthy skin and mucus membranes. Dandelion helps support optimal health due to its excellent source of vitamins C and E, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and pyridoxine. And because it is rich in vitamin K, this herb increases bone mass and limits neuronal brain damage, which helps prevent Alzheimer's. For those who are sensitive, dandelion may trigger allergic contact dermatitis. Potassium toxicity may occur or worsen for individuals on potassium-sparing diuretic therapy (Abdel-Aziz et al., 2016).  Fennel can be used as a flavoring agent, an aromatic, a carminative, and a diuretic. Possible risks of using fennel include occupational rhinitis, estrogenic activity, allergic reactions, conjunctivitis, and asthma (Abdel-Aziz et al., 2016). Slide 11: Falsely Labeled Teas Handout (3 minute) This handout provides information on how tea products have been falsely labeled, which can be harmful. How many of you are surprised by this information? Will you do more research about a product before you buy it now that you are aware of false labels? Slide 12: Native Americans: Four Sacred Medicines (6 minutes)  Tobacco was the first plant given to the Native people by the Creator so that they could connect with the spirit world. Tobacco is presented as an offering or gift, including when asking an elder, medicine person, healer, or Creator for assistance or advice ( The four sacred medicines, n.d.).  Sweetgrass is considered to be the sacred hair of Mother Earth. Its sweet scent reminds the Natives of how much kindness, love, and gentleness Mother Earth gives to her people. Sweetgrass is used for cleansing rituals and to promote a peaceful atmosphere when used in a healing circle ( The four sacred medicines, n.d.).

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 Cedar's healing properties extend beyond its traditional usage as a house cleansing agent. It has antibacterial and antiviral properties when prepared as a drink or tea. Cedar baths or showers eliminate negativity and help cleanse the body and mind. Cedar is used for smudging before using sage and as a tea to generate steam in sweat lodges ( The four sacred medicines, n.d.).  Sage has a more potent medicinal aroma compared to sweet grass. The Natives use it when preparing their people before teachings and ceremonies and to help release negativity and cleanse the mind ( The four sacred medicines, n.d.). Slide 13: Yoruba People of Nigeria (6 minutes)  Yoruba people believed that spirits lived in every herb and tree so they may have medicinal qualities. Because the herbalists knew some spirits were active while others were passive, they would either perform a ritual or speak an incantation before picking leaves with active spirits to ensure their effectiveness (Lawal, 2014).  For healing, herbs were mixed with water to create a ritual bath, which was poured onto the street after the person was done bathing (Lawal, 2014).  Herbs were used for protection and as a remedy against spiritual attacks and food poisoning. Because the Yoruba people believed the herbs Croton zambesicus and Erythrophelum suaveolens drove away evil spirits and witchcraft, they were used as preventatives (Lawal, 2014).  Herbs were made into dressings and applied to the skin before sticks or planks were tied around a broken bone (Lawal, 2014).  During labor, the mother was given the herbs chewed Carica papaya root with seven Aframomum melegueta pepper seeds, which would supposedly cause the baby to be born immediately (Lawal, 2014). Slide 14: Hispanic Heritage (6 minutes) Hispanic subgroups may utilize herbs in very diverse ways. The following are some of the most popular herbs used among Latin Americans.  Rue is used to help relax muscles, as an antispasmodic, to treat menstrual cramping, and to kill intestinal parasites (Staff Writer, 2009).  Sage is used for treating gingivitis and increasing appetite. It is also made into a paste and used as an antiperspirant, astringent, and antibacterial (Staff Writer, 2009).  Mostly consumed as a tea, spearmint is referred to as the "good herb" among Latin Americans. This may be because it is a cheap and palatable way to stimulate the action of the digestive tract muscles, which helps with issues such as nausea, hiccups, and flatulence (Staff Writer, 2009).  Aloe vera is given to those who need H2 blockers or proton-pump inhibitors but cannot afford them. The herb is used to help relieve gastrointestinal issues like esophagitis and gastritis (Staff Writer, 2009).

 Chamomile is the most widely used herb in the Latin American community. It is often used to treat mild gastrointestinal symptoms, stress, and anxiety. In addition to being antispasmodic and somewhat sedating, it is also child-friendly (Staff Writer, 2009).  When consumed as a tea, the herb wormwood may eliminate intestinal parasites and alleviate symptoms of indigestion, acid reflux, and menstrual cramping (Staff Writer, 2009). Slide 15: Different Meanings for Different People Handout (3 minutes) This handout is my favorite because it reminds me that people may not see things as I do. After all, we all come from different backgrounds and cultures. It has some examples of what an herb means or symbolizes to certain cultures. Do any of you know of some herbs that have special meanings? Slide 16: Herb Picture Trivia (15 minutes) Okay, class, it is time to have fun and play Herb Picture Trivia. I will show you a picture of an herb previously discussed to see who can guess its name, uses, potential benefits, or possible side effects. You will each have 30 seconds to answer. The top three winners will win a bag of goodies. Good luck! Slide 17: Thank you! (5 minutes) Thank you, everyone, for attending this week's course. I hope you all enjoyed learning about these different herbs, their benefits, and their potential side effects. I also hope you have enjoyed discovering how herbs are used in different cultures. Please take your handouts home and share them with your friends and family. I hope to see you in next week's course on complementary and integrative medicine. I will stick around for a bit if anyone has any questions. Have a great day! References Abdel-Aziz, S. M., Aeron, A., & Kahil, T. A. (2016). Health benefits and possible risks of herbal medicine. Microbes in Food and Health, 97-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319- 25277-3_6 Craig, W. J. (1999). Health-promoting properties of common herbs. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70 (3), 491s-499s. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/70.3.491s

The four sacred medicines. (n.d.). https://www.northwestern.edu/inclusion/programs/waw-jashk- awards/the-four-sacred-medicines.html Herbal history: Roots of western herbalism . (2021, February 1). https://theherbalacademy.com/herbal-history/ Keen, P. (2021, October 6). Herbal teas: Know the risks so you can enjoy the benefits [Infographic]. Tea Journey. https://teajourney.pub/herbal-teas-know-the-risks-so-you-can- enjoy-the-benefits/ Lawal, I. O. (2014). Traditional medicine practices among the Yoruba people of Nigeria: A historical perspective. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2 (6), 20-33. Page, A. (2014, May 2). Medicinal plants you can grow at home [Infographic]. https://www.healthcentral.com/article/medicinal-plants-you-can-grow-at-home- infographic Petrovska, B. B. (2012). Historical review of medicinal plants' usage. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 6 (11), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.95849 Rhys, D. (n.d.). Symbolism of herbs – A list [Infographic]. https://symbolsage.com/symbolism- of-herbs-list/#top_ankor Staff Writer. (2009, December 1). A guide to Hispanic healing herbs . https://holisticprimarycare.net/topics/traditions/a-guide-to-hispanic-healing-herbs/

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HW499 Bachelors Capstone - Unit 4 Speaker Notes

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