Understanding Joints: Classification and Functional Analysis

Page 1 Chapter 9-Joints For this assignment, please read the chapter and answer the questions below. Please type your answers in red or blue color. Please note that points may be deducted if answers are not submitted in these colors. Sentences in italics are meant to help you understand the material- they are not questions Each question is worth .5 points. This assignment is worth 48 points. Classification of Joints (Define the following) Structural classification of joints includes: ( 1.5 points ) Fibrous joints: joints where the articulating areas of the adjacent bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. Synovial joints: joints at which the articulating surfaces of the bones are located within a joint cavity formed by an articular capsule. Cartilaginous joints: joint at which the bones are united by hyaline cartilage (synchondrosis) or fibrocartilage (symphysis) Functional classification includes: ( 1.5 points ) Synarthrosis- immobile or nearly immobile joint. Amphiarthrosis- slightly mobile joint. Diarthrosis- freely mobile joint.

Page 2 What is the functional classification on the suture joints? Immovable (synarthrosis) (.5 point) What is the functional classification of the joints between the vertebrae? Ampiarthrosis type of joint. (.5 point)

Page 3 What is the functional classification of the hip joint? Multiaxial diarthrosis (.5 points) Fibrous joints (2 points) Suture: Location of joint: found between most bones of the skull. Newborns and infants have wider areas between the bones containing connective tissue called fontanelles. How do they aid in delivery? During birth, it provides flexibility to the skull, allowing bones to overlap slightly, and aiding the movement of the infant’s head through the birth canal. After birth, these expanded regions of connective tissue allow for rapid growth of the skull and enlargement of the brain.

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Page 4 Give an example of each of the following joints- Syndesmosis (1 point): Location of joint lower leg, between the tibia and fibula bones. Ligaments connect bone to bone. Gomphosis (1 point): Also known as a peg-and-socket joint. Location of joint mouth. Cartilaginous joints Synchondrosis (2 points): Location of joint epiphyseal plate and sternocostal joint. Example of a temporary synchondrosis joint epiphyseal plate. Example of a permanent synchondrosis joint sternocostal joint. Symphysis: (2 points) Location of joint pelvic region and adjacent vertebrae Fibrocartilage connects bones

Page 5 Synovial joint: Where would you find an articular capsule? (1 point) Function: connective tissue structure that encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joint. It is attached to each bone just outside the area of the bone’s articulating surface. Each bone is covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called the articular cartilage. (.5 point) Lining each articular capsule is a synovial membrane which secrete synovial fluid (1point) Compare and contrast ligaments and tendons: ( 3 points) Define the following: Extrinsic ligament: ligament located outside of the articular capsule of a synovial joint. Intrinsic ligament: ligament that is fused to or incorporated into the wall of the articular capsule of a synovial joint. Intracapsular ligament: ligament that is located within the articular capsule of a synovial joint.

Page 6 Bursa (5 points): Subcutaneous bursa; Located between the skin and underlying bone Example: Submuscular bursa; Found between the muscle and underlying bone Example: Subtendinous bursa; Found between a tendon and bone. Example: Inflammation of a bursa near a joint: Bursitis Symptoms: cause pain, swelling, or tenderness of the bursa and surrounding area, and may result in joint stiffness. Common areas of inflammation: near the shoulder, hip, knee, or elbow joints. Treatment: antibiotics, NSAIDs, or corticosteroids. Types of synovial joints – identify each joint type, its location and description. (3 points) Joint type Location Description Pivot Atlantoaxial joint & Proximal radioulnar joint The rounded portion of a bone rotates within a ring formed by a ligament and an articulating bone. Hinge Elbow, knee, interphalangeal, and ankle joint. The convex surface of one bone articulates with the concave surface of the second bone. Condyloid Metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers or the radiocarpal joint of the wrist. The shallow depression at the end of one bone receives a rounded end from a second bone or a rounded structure formed by two bones. Saddle First carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb. The articulating ends of both bones are convex and concave in shape. Plane Carpal, tarsal, acromioclavicular joint, zygapophysial joint. Formed between the flattened articulating surfaces of adjacent bones.

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Page 7 Ball and Socket Hip and shoulder joint. Formed between the spherical end of one bone that fits into the depression of a second bone. How is arthritis different from bursitis? (.5 point) Arthritis is a chronic condition that irreparably damages bone, cartilage, and joints, whereas bursitis is a temporary condition that involves the painful swelling of bursae for a time. What bacterial or viral infections can lead to arthritis? (.5 point) Staphylococcus, HCV, and Rubella. Which type of arthritis is most common? (.5 point) Osteoarthritis. Treatment for arthritis (.5 point) - Lifestyle change, NSAIDs, pain meds, and arthroplasty.

Page 8 Types of body movement Which joints aid in the body’s ability to achieve range of motion? (.5 point) Synovial joints, plane joints, sutures, cartilaginous joints, fibrous joints. Compare and contrast flexion and extension. (.5 point) Both flexion and extension are movements that occur at synovial joints. Flexion decreases the angle between two body parts, while extension increases it. Although, flexion reduces the angle between body parts and extension increases the angle between body parts. Hyperextension is excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, resulting in injury. (.5 point) Medial and lateral motions of limbs in the coronal plane is abduction and adduction. (.5 point) How is circumduction different from rotation? (.5 point) Circumduction is a circular motion that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction creating a complex pattern. Rotation is the simple pivoting of a body part around its longitudinal axis, either toward or away from the body’s midline. Which joints are involved in rotation? (.5 point) Pivot joint, ball-and-socket joint. How is medial rotation different from lateral rotation? (.5 point) Medial rotation involves rotating a body part toward the midline of the body. Lateral rotation involves rotating a body part away from the midline of the body. Pointing of the toes is an example of plantar flexion. (.5 point) Inversion is turning of the foot toward the midline. (.5 point) Eversion is turning of the foot away from the midline of the body. (.5 point) Anatomy of selected synovial joints Adjacent vertebrae articulate with each other at synovial joints. What types of joints are these? (1 point) Plane joints. When the cervical vertebrae articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull the joint formed is the atlanto-occipital joint. (.5 point)

Page 9 This allows for the movement of the head for nodding atlanto-occipital joint. (.5 point) While the articulation of C1 and C2 vertebrae to allow rotation is a result of the atlantoaxial joint. (1 point) The temporomandibular joint allows for the opening and closing of the mouth via mandibular depression and mandibular elevation . (.5 point) Shoulder joint Another name for the shoulder joint is the glenohumeral joint. (.5 point)

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Page 10 The uniaxial hinge joint that makes up the elbow is the humeroulnar joint. (.5 point) Which bones and parts articulate to form this joint? (.5 point) Humerus and ulna. How is hyperextension prevented at the elbow joint? (.5 point) Hyperextension at the elbow joint is primarily prevented by the joint's anatomical structure, ligaments, muscle tension, and reflexes. These factors limit the extension of the elbow beyond its normal range and provide stability .

Page 11 The ulnar collateral ligament is on the medial side of the joint, while the radial collateral ligament supports the lateral side of the joint. (1 point) The annular ligaments encircle the radius head. (.5 point) Hip Joint The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis. (1 point) The socket portion of the hip joint is the acetabulum. (.5 point) When in the upright standing position which ligaments pull the head of the femur deeply into the acetabulum? (.5 point) The iliofemoral ligament and the pubofemoral ligament are primarily responsible for pulling the head of the femur deeply into the acetabulum of the hip joint.

Page 12 Why is the hip prone to osteoarthritis? (.5 point) The hip is prone to osteoarthritis due to its role as a major weight-bearing joint, constant mechanical stress, aging-related cartilage wear, genetic factors, joint abnormalities, injuries, obesity, and other factors that contribute to cartilage degeneration and joint degeneration over time. The largest joint in the body is the knee. (.5 point) Why is this joint so large? (.5 point) The knee joint is the largest joint in the body due to its weight-bearing role, complexity, wide range of motion, need for shock absorption, stability requirements, and functional demands in supporting various activities. The patella serves to protect the quadriceps, from friction against the distal femur. (1 point ) Describe the dynamic ligament. (.5 point) Broad intrinsic ligament located on the medial side of the ankle joint.

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Page 13 When a patient has a torn meniscus, what does this mean? How is it treated? ( 1 point) When a patient has a torn meniscus, it means that the C-shaped cartilage in the knee joint, known as the meniscus, has been damaged or torn. Treatment may involve rest, physical therapy, anti- inflammatory medications, and in some cases, surgical intervention, such as arthroscopic surgery to repair or trim the torn meniscus. Treatment depends on the severity and location of the tear. How does this affect their ability to walk? (.5 point) It can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness in the knee joint. The ankle is formed by the hinged synovial joint. (.5 point) What occurs during an ankle sprain? (. 5 point) An ankle sprain occurs when the strong ligaments that support the ankle stretch beyond their limits and tear. How is it treated? (.5 point) The treatment for an ankle sprain includes rest, ice, compression, elevation (RICE), pain management with over-the-counter medications, immobilization if necessary, physical therapy, a gradual return to activity, and preventive measures like ankle-strengthening exercises and proper footwear. Severe cases may require surgery.

BIO 201 Chapter 9 Joints Assignment OPS

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