Development and Influence of Public Policy in Healthcare

1 S U M M A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T : D E V E L O P M E N T A N D I N F L U E N C E O F P U B L I C P O L I C Y G L O R I A N N E I R I Z A R R Y U N I V E R S I T Y O F P H O E N I X A J S / 5 9 0 L Y N N E T T E F A V O R S O C T O B E R 1 6 , 2 0 2 3

2 OBJECTIVE • Introduction to potential stakeholders • Introduction • How did the policy develop? • Money • Momentum • How has it evolved? • What are some alternatives? • What is influencing the discussion around this policy? • What are the security issues associated with this policy? • Conclusion • References

The health care system is one that affects millions of people and there have been many changes but are those changes enough to help. Stakeholders are vital and play a major role in the healthcare system because they provide funding, support, and solutions, and add more ideas to the overall healthcare system. Stakeholders are vital in healthcare because they promote the advancement of health-related products, services, and research. There is concern about health care spending in recent years, which has been the center of political debate. Yet from 2008 through 2013, healthcare spending grew by less than 4 percent annually, one of the lowest rates in more than fifty years, and well down from the annual average of more than 7 percent that prevailed from 2000 through 2008 and even higher rates of increase during the 1900s (Kraft & Furlong, 2019, p. 408). Reference Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. R. (2019). Public Policy (7th ed.). Sage. https ://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/97815443745 3 INTRODUCTION TO POTENTIAL STAKEHOLDERS • Patients • Physicians • Employers • Insurance companies • Pharmaceutical firms • Government This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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4 INTRODUCTION • Healthcare policies are created to help people by preventing diseases and improving health. Some individuals feel like there can be a change to the health care policy and want to see some improvements made even though some health policies like the Affordable Care Act exist. During this presentation, an explanation of how the policy was developed, money, momentum, some alternatives, and some influences for the discussion around the policy.

The American health care system compared to other health care systems is quite different. The United States has a very different healthcare system that most people do not agree with but has also come a long way. During the 1700s health care was very different. Women performed childbirth at home and the mortality rate was extremely high, especially for children. In the 1900s President Theodore Roosevelt believed that health insurance was vital because having sick and poor people did not make a country strong. That was the beginning of health insurance in the United States. Reference Griffin, J. (2020, March 27). The History of Medicine and Organized Healthcare in America . https://www.griffinbenefits.com/blog/history-of- healthcare 5 HEALTH CARE HISTORY The 1700’s Colonial times childbirth The 1800’s Civil War Health Care The 1900’s Health Care

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Fast forward to the early 2000s, most Americans have health insurance and the history of health care at this point kind of slowed down. During this time, the George Bush administration introduced Medicare Part D which included prescription drug coverage. Then there was a drastic change when the Affordable Care Act was introduced. This bill mandated large employers to provide health insurance to employees as well as require all Americans to carry health insurance even if employers did not offer it. Now in the present, the ACA has been dismantled. 6 HEALTH CARE HISTORY (CONTINUED) Early 2000’s Extending coverage to millions of Americans 2008–2016 The Affordable Care Act and Pre-existing conditions 2017 to Present Day • The Trump Presidency

the biggest issue the United States government faces with health care is the cost and to make the issues even worse is the fact that the cost of providing health care services is rising at a very fast rate. Many individuals face the issue that if an employer does not provide health care benefits, they can not afford to pay for private insurance for medical services and this can be a financial burden for individuals seeking health care. The rising cost deeply affects the leading federal health care programs, Medicare expenditures alone totaled about $702 billion in 2017, and the overall cost for federal and state spending on Medicaid was over $582 billion, for a total of about $1.3 trillion (Kraft & Furlong, 2019, p. 439). Reference Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. R. (2019). Public Policy (7th ed.). Sage. https ://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/97815443745 98/epub/OEBPS/c9781544374574.i23.html#page_4 7 HEALTHCARE POLICY MONEY Item 1980 1990 2000 2017 2027 (estimate) Total national health care expenditures (in billions) $255.3 $721.4 $1,369.2 $3,492.1 $5,963.2 Per capita health care expenditures $1,108 $2,843 $4,855 $10,739 $16,907 Health care expenditures as percentage of GDP 8.9% 12.1% 13.4% 17.9% 19.4%

There is no denying that the United States has one of the finest healthcare systems in the world not to mention the state-of-the-art hospitals equipped with some of the best doctors and machinery. Even with these strengths, there come weaknesses. The poor, the elderly, minorities, and those living in rural areas generally receive less frequent and less adequate medical care than white, middle-class residents of urban and suburban areas (Kraft & Furlong, 2019, p424). Reference Encyclopedia. (2023). Healthcare System . https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclope dias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/healthcare- systems#:~:text=The%20goal%20of%20a%20healthcare, available%20resources%20and%20competing%20needs. Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. 8 MESSAGE • The goal of the healthcare system is to enhance the health of the population in the most effective manner possible in light of a society’s available resources and competing needs (Encyclopedia, 2023).

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R. (2019). Public Policy (7th ed.). Sage. https ://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/978 1544374598/epub/OEBPS/c9781544374574.i23.html#pa ge_4 8

9 HEALTHCARE POLICY MOMENTUM • Everyone can benefit from healthcare • Help with maximizing resources and better financial performance • Premium healthcare standards

Health care has evolved in many ways from medication to machinery. There has been a lot of technological advancement when it comes to healthcare new screening machines to help with diagnosis as well as having medical records online instead of physical records. Healthcare has evolved tremendously making things easier for patients and doctors. The rapid progress in medical technology has transformed healthcare, diagnostics tools like MRI and CT Scans have become more accessible, allowing for earlier and more accurate disease detection (Health Insurance, 2023). Reference Healthcare System. (2023, September 17). Healthcare Changes and Milestones Over the Last 25 Years . https://www.healthinsurance.com/learning- center/article/how-healthcare-has-evolved-over-the-past- decade# 10 HOW HAS HEALTHCARE EVOLVED? Advanced Machinery New prescription drugs Great medical research New and improved help with mental health Computerized medical records

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When it comes to health care there must be alternatives in case things do not go as planned. Some of those alternatives can be cost-sharing programs although they are not considered insurance can be helpful to those who cannot afford health insurance. Cost-sharing programs are nonprofit in which an individual pays a monthly premium that covers the medical bills of other members in the program. It helps those who can’t afford certain medical expenses. Another alternative is short-term insurance coverage. Short-term insurance offers benefits for medical costs related to injury and unexpected illness, because short-term plans are designed as temporary health insurance coverage for those between major medical plans, it can be a nice option when you’re trying to figure out how to afford permanent coverage (Yoo, 2023, para. 7). Reference Yoo, J. (2023, April 27). 4 Health Insurance Alternatives to ACA Plans in 2023 . https://www.pivothealth.com/4-health- insurance-alternatives-to-aca-plans-in-2020- 165952#:~:text=There%20are%20some%20alternatives 11 SOME ALTERNATIVES AFFORDABLE CARE ACT 01 SHORT-TERM INSURANCE COVERAGE 02 COST SHARING PROGRAMS 03 MANAGED CARE ORGANIZATION 04

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Our health is largely determined by the social, economic, cultural, and physical environments we live in, everything from where we work and live to our level of education and our access to healthy food and water (Public Health Institute of Western Massachusetts, 2023, para. 1). Reference Public Health Institute of Western Massachusetts. (2023). What Influences Health? https ://www.publichealthwm.org/what-health- equity/what-influences- health#:~:text=Our%20health%20is%20largely%20deter mined,to%20healthy%20food%20and%20water. 12 WHAT IS INFLUENCING THE DISCUSSION AROUND THE POLICY? Social factors Economic factors Political factors Lifestyle and environment

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Some security issues associated with the healthcare policy are phishing, ransomware, data breaches, and DDoS attacks. These issues are becoming more common since technology use has increased. It can be difficult for healthcare companies to keep track of these security issues. These security breaches are costing healthcare companies millions of dollars a year. There’s the reputational damage to a healthcare organization, which is nearly impossible to quantify, approximately 60% to 80% of data breaches go unreported, and 39% of healthcare organizations discover a breach months after it happens (SOTI Inc, 2022, para. 5). Reference SOTI Inc. (2022, September 6). Technology in Healthcare: The Impact of Security Issues in Healthcare . https://soti.net/resources/blog/2022/technolog y-in-healthcare-the-impact-of-security-issues-in- healthcare/ 13 WHAT ARE THE SECURIT Y ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH THIS POLICY? • Healthcare data threats – Phishing – Ransomware – Data breach – DDoS attacks

The healthcare policy is not an easy one to deal with because it is for the benefit of the people who need it to maintain good health. There are a lot of ways to be able to obtain insurance like the Affordable Care Act or through a managed care program but not many are informed. Healthcare has come a long way from the 1700s now there is a huge advancement in technology with MRI machines and CT scans that can help diagnose a person before they become rally ill. 14 CONCLUSION Healthcare policy Affordable Care Act Health care history dates back to the 1700s Social factor contributes to the discussion

15 REFERENCES • Encyclopedia. (2023). Healthcare System . https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts- and-maps/healthcare- systems#:~:text=The%20goal%20of%20a%20healthcare,available%20resources%20and%20competing%20needs. • Griffin, J. (2020, March 27). The History of Medicine and Organized Healthcare in America . https://www.griffinbenefits.com/blog/history-of-healthcare • Healthcare System. (2023, September 17). Healthcare Changes and Milestones Over the Last 25 Years . https://www.healthinsurance.com/learning-center/article/how-healthcare-has-evolved-over-the-past-decade# • Public Health Institute of Western Massachusetts. (2023). What Influences Health? https ://www.publichealthwm.org/what-health-equity/what- influences-health#:~:text=Our%20health%20is%20largely%20determined,to%20healthy%20food%20and%20water. • SOTI Inc. (2022, September 6). Technology in Healthcare: The Impact of Security Issues in Healthcare . https://soti.net/resources/blog/2022/technology-in-healthcare-the-impact-of-security-issues-in-healthcare/ • Yoo, J. (2023, April 27). 4 Health Insurance Alternatives to ACA Plans in 2023 . https://www.pivothealth.com/4-health-insurance- alternatives-to-aca-plans-in-2020- 165952#:~:text=There%20are%20some%20alternatives%20to,%2C%20and%20faith%2Dbased%20plans. • Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. R. (2019). Public Policy (7th ed.). Sage. https ://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/9781544374598/epub/OEBPS/c9781544374574.i23.html#page_4

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