Glorianne_Irizarry_Week_2,3,&4_Assignment

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1 S U M M A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T : D E V E L O P M E N T A N D I N F L U E N C E O F P U B L I C P O L I C Y G L O R I A N N E I R I Z A R R Y U N I V E R S I T Y O F P H O E N I X A J S / 5 9 0 L Y N N E T T E F A V O R S O C T O B E R 1 6 , 2 0 2 3
2 OBJECTIVE • Introduction to potential stakeholders • Introduction • How did the policy develop? • Money • Momentum • How has it evolved? • What are some alternatives? • What is influencing the discussion around this policy? • What are the security issues associated with this policy? • Conclusion • References
The health care system is one that affects millions of people and there have been many changes but are those changes enough to help. Stakeholders are vital and play a major role in the healthcare system because they provide funding, support, and solutions, and add more ideas to the overall healthcare system. Stakeholders are vital in healthcare because they promote the advancement of health-related products, services, and research. There is concern about health care spending in recent years, which has been the center of political debate. Yet from 2008 through 2013, healthcare spending grew by less than 4 percent annually, one of the lowest rates in more than fifty years, and well down from the annual average of more than 7 percent that prevailed from 2000 through 2008 and even higher rates of increase during the 1900s (Kraft & Furlong, 2019, p. 408). Reference Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. R. (2019). Public Policy (7th ed.). Sage. https ://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/97815443745 3 INTRODUCTION TO POTENTIAL STAKEHOLDERS • Patients • Physicians • Employers • Insurance companies • Pharmaceutical firms • Government This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
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4 INTRODUCTION • Healthcare policies are created to help people by preventing diseases and improving health. Some individuals feel like there can be a change to the health care policy and want to see some improvements made even though some health policies like the Affordable Care Act exist. During this presentation, an explanation of how the policy was developed, money, momentum, some alternatives, and some influences for the discussion around the policy.
The American health care system compared to other health care systems is quite different. The United States has a very different healthcare system that most people do not agree with but has also come a long way. During the 1700s health care was very different. Women performed childbirth at home and the mortality rate was extremely high, especially for children. In the 1900s President Theodore Roosevelt believed that health insurance was vital because having sick and poor people did not make a country strong. That was the beginning of health insurance in the United States. Reference Griffin, J. (2020, March 27). The History of Medicine and Organized Healthcare in America . https://www.griffinbenefits.com/blog/history-of- healthcare 5 HEALTH CARE HISTORY The 1700’s Colonial times childbirth The 1800’s Civil War Health Care The 1900’s Health Care
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Fast forward to the early 2000s, most Americans have health insurance and the history of health care at this point kind of slowed down. During this time, the George Bush administration introduced Medicare Part D which included prescription drug coverage. Then there was a drastic change when the Affordable Care Act was introduced. This bill mandated large employers to provide health insurance to employees as well as require all Americans to carry health insurance even if employers did not offer it. Now in the present, the ACA has been dismantled. 6 HEALTH CARE HISTORY (CONTINUED) Early 2000’s Extending coverage to millions of Americans 2008–2016 The Affordable Care Act and Pre-existing conditions 2017 to Present Day • The Trump Presidency
the biggest issue the United States government faces with health care is the cost and to make the issues even worse is the fact that the cost of providing health care services is rising at a very fast rate. Many individuals face the issue that if an employer does not provide health care benefits, they can not afford to pay for private insurance for medical services and this can be a financial burden for individuals seeking health care. The rising cost deeply affects the leading federal health care programs, Medicare expenditures alone totaled about $702 billion in 2017, and the overall cost for federal and state spending on Medicaid was over $582 billion, for a total of about $1.3 trillion (Kraft & Furlong, 2019, p. 439). Reference Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. R. (2019). Public Policy (7th ed.). Sage. https ://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/97815443745 98/epub/OEBPS/c9781544374574.i23.html#page_4 7 HEALTHCARE POLICY MONEY Item 1980 1990 2000 2017 2027 (estimate) Total national health care expenditures (in billions) $255.3 $721.4 $1,369.2 $3,492.1 $5,963.2 Per capita health care expenditures $1,108 $2,843 $4,855 $10,739 $16,907 Health care expenditures as percentage of GDP 8.9% 12.1% 13.4% 17.9% 19.4%
There is no denying that the United States has one of the finest healthcare systems in the world not to mention the state-of-the-art hospitals equipped with some of the best doctors and machinery. Even with these strengths, there come weaknesses. The poor, the elderly, minorities, and those living in rural areas generally receive less frequent and less adequate medical care than white, middle-class residents of urban and suburban areas (Kraft & Furlong, 2019, p424). Reference Encyclopedia. (2023). Healthcare System . https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclope dias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/healthcare- systems#:~:text=The%20goal%20of%20a%20healthcare, available%20resources%20and%20competing%20needs. Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. 8 MESSAGE • The goal of the healthcare system is to enhance the health of the population in the most effective manner possible in light of a society’s available resources and competing needs (Encyclopedia, 2023).
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R. (2019). Public Policy (7th ed.). Sage. https ://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/978 1544374598/epub/OEBPS/c9781544374574.i23.html#pa ge_4 8
9 HEALTHCARE POLICY MOMENTUM • Everyone can benefit from healthcare • Help with maximizing resources and better financial performance • Premium healthcare standards
Health care has evolved in many ways from medication to machinery. There has been a lot of technological advancement when it comes to healthcare new screening machines to help with diagnosis as well as having medical records online instead of physical records. Healthcare has evolved tremendously making things easier for patients and doctors. The rapid progress in medical technology has transformed healthcare, diagnostics tools like MRI and CT Scans have become more accessible, allowing for earlier and more accurate disease detection (Health Insurance, 2023). Reference Healthcare System. (2023, September 17). Healthcare Changes and Milestones Over the Last 25 Years . https://www.healthinsurance.com/learning- center/article/how-healthcare-has-evolved-over-the-past- decade# 10 HOW HAS HEALTHCARE EVOLVED? Advanced Machinery New prescription drugs Great medical research New and improved help with mental health Computerized medical records
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When it comes to health care there must be alternatives in case things do not go as planned. Some of those alternatives can be cost-sharing programs although they are not considered insurance can be helpful to those who cannot afford health insurance. Cost-sharing programs are nonprofit in which an individual pays a monthly premium that covers the medical bills of other members in the program. It helps those who can’t afford certain medical expenses. Another alternative is short-term insurance coverage. Short-term insurance offers benefits for medical costs related to injury and unexpected illness, because short-term plans are designed as temporary health insurance coverage for those between major medical plans, it can be a nice option when you’re trying to figure out how to afford permanent coverage (Yoo, 2023, para. 7). Reference Yoo, J. (2023, April 27). 4 Health Insurance Alternatives to ACA Plans in 2023 . https://www.pivothealth.com/4-health- insurance-alternatives-to-aca-plans-in-2020- 165952#:~:text=There%20are%20some%20alternatives 11 SOME ALTERNATIVES AFFORDABLE CARE ACT 01 SHORT-TERM INSURANCE COVERAGE 02 COST SHARING PROGRAMS 03 MANAGED CARE ORGANIZATION 04
%20to,%2C%20and%20faith%2Dbased%20plans. 11
Our health is largely determined by the social, economic, cultural, and physical environments we live in, everything from where we work and live to our level of education and our access to healthy food and water (Public Health Institute of Western Massachusetts, 2023, para. 1). Reference Public Health Institute of Western Massachusetts. (2023). What Influences Health? https ://www.publichealthwm.org/what-health- equity/what-influences- health#:~:text=Our%20health%20is%20largely%20deter mined,to%20healthy%20food%20and%20water. 12 WHAT IS INFLUENCING THE DISCUSSION AROUND THE POLICY? Social factors Economic factors Political factors Lifestyle and environment
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Some security issues associated with the healthcare policy are phishing, ransomware, data breaches, and DDoS attacks. These issues are becoming more common since technology use has increased. It can be difficult for healthcare companies to keep track of these security issues. These security breaches are costing healthcare companies millions of dollars a year. There’s the reputational damage to a healthcare organization, which is nearly impossible to quantify, approximately 60% to 80% of data breaches go unreported, and 39% of healthcare organizations discover a breach months after it happens (SOTI Inc, 2022, para. 5). Reference SOTI Inc. (2022, September 6). Technology in Healthcare: The Impact of Security Issues in Healthcare . https://soti.net/resources/blog/2022/technolog y-in-healthcare-the-impact-of-security-issues-in- healthcare/ 13 WHAT ARE THE SECURIT Y ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH THIS POLICY? • Healthcare data threats – Phishing – Ransomware – Data breach – DDoS attacks
The healthcare policy is not an easy one to deal with because it is for the benefit of the people who need it to maintain good health. There are a lot of ways to be able to obtain insurance like the Affordable Care Act or through a managed care program but not many are informed. Healthcare has come a long way from the 1700s now there is a huge advancement in technology with MRI machines and CT scans that can help diagnose a person before they become rally ill. 14 CONCLUSION Healthcare policy Affordable Care Act Health care history dates back to the 1700s Social factor contributes to the discussion
15 REFERENCES • Encyclopedia. (2023). Healthcare System . https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts- and-maps/healthcare- systems#:~:text=The%20goal%20of%20a%20healthcare,available%20resources%20and%20competing%20needs. • Griffin, J. (2020, March 27). The History of Medicine and Organized Healthcare in America . https://www.griffinbenefits.com/blog/history-of-healthcare • Healthcare System. (2023, September 17). Healthcare Changes and Milestones Over the Last 25 Years . https://www.healthinsurance.com/learning-center/article/how-healthcare-has-evolved-over-the-past-decade# • Public Health Institute of Western Massachusetts. (2023). What Influences Health? https ://www.publichealthwm.org/what-health-equity/what- influences-health#:~:text=Our%20health%20is%20largely%20determined,to%20healthy%20food%20and%20water. • SOTI Inc. (2022, September 6). Technology in Healthcare: The Impact of Security Issues in Healthcare . https://soti.net/resources/blog/2022/technology-in-healthcare-the-impact-of-security-issues-in-healthcare/ • Yoo, J. (2023, April 27). 4 Health Insurance Alternatives to ACA Plans in 2023 . https://www.pivothealth.com/4-health-insurance- alternatives-to-aca-plans-in-2020- 165952#:~:text=There%20are%20some%20alternatives%20to,%2C%20and%20faith%2Dbased%20plans. • Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. R. (2019). Public Policy (7th ed.). Sage. https ://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/9781544374598/epub/OEBPS/c9781544374574.i23.html#page_4
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16 C O S T- B E N E F I T V E R S U S C O S T- E F F E C T I V E A N A LY S E S G L O R I A N N E I R I Z A R RY U N I I V E R S I T Y O F P H O E N I X A J S / 5 9 0 LY N N E T T E F A V O R S O C T O B E R 2 3 , 2 0 2 3
17 OBJECTIVE • What cost-benefit analysis would apply? • Steps of Cost-benefit Analysis • Data to conduct analysis • What financial and human resources would this analysis require? • What results would be expected? • What cost-effectiveness analysis would apply? • What steps would you go through? • What kinds of data would be needed to conduct such an analysis? • What financial and human resources would this analysis require? • What results would you expect?
18 INTRODUCTION • Cost-benefit and cost-effective analysis are both types of decision analysis techniques and they both measure the value of money and are both used to help decision-makers make better choices. It is important for the stakeholders to be informed about the fiscal analysis in healthcare especially since the healthcare policy can be so expensive.
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Cost-benefit analysis is a process that is used to provide an estimate of the cost and benefit of a project. To have an effective cost-benefit analysis there must be direct cost, indirect cost, intangible cost, opportunity cost, and cost of potential risk as well as direct benefit, indirect benefit, total benefit, and net benefit. cost-benefit will also involve other kinds of calculations such as return on investment (ROI), internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), and payback period (PBP). The purpose of cost- benefit analysis is to have a more comprehensive approach to figuring out the math in various business and project proposals. 19 WHAT COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS WOULD APPLY? Cost-benefit analysis is a way to compare the costs and benefits of an intervention, where both are expressed in monetary units. Cost-benefit and cost- effective analysis include health outcomes However, CBA places a monetary value on health outcomes so that both costs and benefits are in monetary units.
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The first step is to establish a framework for the analysis, identifying the goals and objectives that are being addressed with the proposal. The next step is to identify the costs and benefits. The third step is to assign a dollar amount or value to each cost and benefit. The final step is to tally the total value of benefits and costs and compare. If the benefits outnumber the total costs, then there is a business case that proceeds with the project but if the total costs outnumber the benefits, then the proposal should be reconsidered. 20 STEPS OF COST- BENEFIT ANALYSIS • Four Steps of Cost-Benefit Analysis – Framework the analysis – Identify the cost and benefits – Assign a dollar amount or value to each cost and benefit – Tally the total value of benefits and costs and compare
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21 DATA TO CONDUCT ANALYSIS Data used for estimated costs Data for estimated benefits
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Cost-benefit analysis weighs up the benefits a new hire can bring to the company and considers this against the costs, framing it in a way that makes it easy for your leadership team to understand and make the best decision for the business (The Team Employment Hero Team, 2022, para. 6). The financial and human resources that cost-benefit analysis requires time, finances, and hands-on skills because it takes time and money to complete an economic analysis. Reference The Team Employment Hero. (2022, September 10). How to perform a cost-benefit analysis of hiring . https://employmenthero.com/blog/cost-benefit- analysis-of- hiring/#:~:text=A%20cost%2Dbenefit%20analysis%20w eighs,best%20decision%20for%20the%20business. 22 FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES Time Finances Hands-on skills
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23 EXPECTED RESULTS Gathering information to get either a positive or negative result from a Cost- Benefit Analysis All the hidden costs will be identified
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When it comes to facing constraints preventing analysts from conducting cost-benefit analysis, cost-effective analysis is the most useful. The cost-effective analysis is a tool used to aid decisions about which medical care should be offered, it is a method of comparing the cost and effectiveness of two or more alternatives (U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2023, para. 1). The main goal of CEA is to determine if the value of an intervention justifies its cost (U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2023, para. 1). The goal of cost-effectiveness analysis is to help inform policy so that patients receive the proper treatment that will save their life is rewarded fairly. Reference U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs. (2023, April 30). Measuring Costs for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis . https://www.herc.research.va.gov/include/page.a sp?id=measure-costs-cea 24 WHAT COST-EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS WOULD BE APPLIED? • Cost-effective can be useful in comparing the health and cost impacts of different interventions affecting the same health outcome. It can also be useful for understanding how much an intervention may cost compared to an alternative intervention (CDC, 2023).
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The advantage of cost-effectiveness analysis is that it requires no measurements of the value of intangible benefits such as human lives; it simply compares different policy alternatives that can produce these benefits in terms of their relative costs (Kraft, 2019, p. 302). The first step is to collaborate with stakeholders so that everyone can benefit from their expertise. Reference Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. R. (2019). Public Policy (7th ed.). Sage. https ://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/9781544374598/epub/OEBPS/c978154 4374574.i23.html#page_ 302 25 STEPS OF COST-EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS Framing the cost-effectiveness analysis Estimating direct program costs Other perspective costs Future costs Connect to outcomes
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A cost-effectiveness ratio is the net cost divided by changes in health outcomes, examples include cost per case of disease prevented or cost per death averted, however, if the net costs are negative the results are reported as net cost savings ( Center for Disease Control and Prevention , 2023, para. 4). Reference Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Cost-Effectiveness Analysis . https://www.cdc.gov/policy/polaris/economics/c ost- effectiveness/index.html#:~:text=Cost%2Deffectiveness %20analysis%20is%20a,gained%20or%20a%20death%2 0prevented. 26 DATA NEEDED FOR COST-EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS Momentary value of benefit Associated costs The discounted value
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27 RESOURCES NEEDED FOR COST- EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS Hands-on skills All the financial costs that are require for the analysis
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28 EXPECTED RESULTS A P O S I T I V E O U T C O M E I S T H E E X P E C T E D R E S U LT I N T H E C A S E O F C O S T- E F F E C T I V E N E S S A N A LY S I S
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29 REFERENCES • Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Cost-Effectiveness Analysis . https://www.cdc.gov/policy/polaris/economics/cost- effectiveness/index.html#:~:text=Cost%2Deffectiveness%20analysis%20is%20a,gained%20or%20a%20death% 20prevented. • The Team Employment Hero. (2022, September 10). How to perform a cost-benefit analysis of hiring . https://employmenthero.com/blog/cost-benefit-analysis-of- hiring/#:~:text=A%20cost%2Dbenefit%20analysis%20weighs,best%20decision%20for%20the%20business. • U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs. (2023, April 30). Measuring Costs for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis . https://www.herc.research.va.gov/include/page.asp?id=measure-costs-cea • Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. R. (2019). Public Policy (7th ed.). Sage. https ://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/9781544374598/epub/OEBPS/c9781544374574.i23.ht ml#page_ 302
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30 S U M M AT I V E A S S E S S M E N T : P O L I C Y I N V E S T M E N T A N D C O N S E Q U E N C E S G L O R I A N N E I R I Z A R RY U N I V E R S I T Y O F P H O E N I X A J S / 5 9 0 LY N E T T E F A V O R S O C T O B E R 3 1 , 2 0 2 3
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31 OBJECTIVE What are the social and financial costs of maintaining the status quo? Outline the provisions in the policy How are the funds allocated for each provision What potential challenges are identified? What contingencies are identified to address these challenges? What limitations do you find in the policy? What are the social and financial costs of amending or replacing the policy? How would you recommend the policy be altered to address social consequences? What provisions are needed? •What financial and human resources are required for these provisions? What are the potential challenges? What contingencies can be put in place to address these challenges? What financial and human resources are required for these contingencies?
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Healthcare is the most fundamental part of a person’s life and supports their health and well-being as well. More than a decade after the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was passed, health reform remains a top concern for the American public, the number of uninsured Americans is rising, and affordability at both the system and individual levels is eroding(Shrank et al., 2021, para. 1). This presentation will outline the challenges and costs of the justice and security issues the healthcare policy poses. References Shrank, W. H., DeParle, N. A., & Gottlieb, S. (2021, January 21). Health Costs And Financing: Challenges And Strategies For A New Administration . https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377 /hlthaff.2020.01560 32 INTRODUCTION Potential challenges Social and financial costs Financial and human resources Fund allocation Social implications Amending or replacing Social consequences Contingency identification provisions
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“Status Quo Healthcare” is plagued with fragmentation, overpricing, and overtreatment, in contrast, Revolutionary healthcare occurs when good medicine meets a good market (Johnson, 2020, para. 2). Social cost refers to the economic costs that are associated with the lives that are lost or that have injuries because of unfortunate outcome. Reference Johnson, D. W. (2020, February 21). Status Quo vs Revolutionary Healthcare . https://www.4sighthealth.com/status-quo-vs- revolutionary- healthcare/#:~:text=“Status%20Quo%20Healthcare”%20 is%20plagued,medicine%20meets%20a%20good%20ma rket. 33 SOCIAL AND FINANCIAL COSTS Social Cost • High cost • Many uninsured • Increase in high-risk and chronic diseases Financial Cost • Financial burden for individuals • Lack of access to healthcare • High cost of healthcare continues
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Designing a funding formula for the health inequalities adjustment requires the resolution of the following issues: (i) identification of effective health-care interventions designed to reduce the health inequality; (ii) identification of disadvantaged groups at which the intervention will be directed; (iii) identification of the areas where such groups live; (iv) allocation of resources according to the group composition of an area; and (v) ensuring that the resources are spent appropriately on disadvantaged groups and the necessary interventions (Smith, 2008, para. 20). Reference Resource allocation and purchasing in the health sector: the English experience . (2008, November). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC 2649545/ 34 OUTLINE THE PROVISIONS • Some of the things the policy should provide: – Long term care – Safe and effective care – Mental health services – Dental care – Quality health insurance – Prescription drugs – Health care for everyone
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Healthcare policies are implemented to maintain and improve patient’s health and well-being. Accessibility, pricing, delivery, and privacy in health care are major factors that are impacted by the policy, it covers the laws and policies enacted at the national, regional, and local levels by legislators (Rogers, 2022, para. 1). Reference Rogers, S. (2022, August 11). What Is Healthcare Policy And Why Is It Important . https://promedcert.com/blog/what-is- healthcare-policy-and-why-is-it- important/#:~:text=Healthcare%20policy%20works%20t o%20maintain,and%20local%20levels%20by%20legislat ors. 35 FUNDS ALLOCATED FOR EACH PROVISION • Affordable Care Act • Out-of-pocket expenses • Health insurance • third party payers
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Some challenges of social and financial costs are high prices of health insurance, some might find themselves losing their health insurance, stakeholders might not agree on some of the ideas, and it can be a burden on taxpayers. 36 POTENTIAL CHALLENGES • High cost • The threat of losing health insurance coverage • Not having stakeholders come to an agreement • Being a burden on taxpayers
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Having a contingency plan in healthcare is essential because it protects an organization from potential risk and ensures the continuity of its operation. Some contingencies that are identified to help with the challenges of the healthcare policy are new technologies, social risk factors, and artificial intelligence. 37 CONTINGENCIES IDENTIFIED TO ADDRESS CHALLENGES New technologies Social risk factors Artificial intelligence
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It is difficult to find insurance that covers all illnesses or medical conditions that do not have limitations or exclusions. Most policies are honest from the beginning about what they do cover and what their limits are and due to these limitations, they might provide a lower coverage. Some of these limitations are pre-existing conditions, alcohol and drug abuse, self-inflicted injuries, and much more. 38 LIMITATIONS Pre-existing conditions Policy complexity The financial burden for citizens Too many rules and regulations in health insurance
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. Social policies influence health indirectly, by their effect on social determinants of health such as education, income, employment, or housing, since these factors are key causes of health, they can in turn affect health outcomes (Courtin et al., 2020). Reference Courtin, E., Kim, S., Song, S., Yu, W., & Muenning, P. (2020, March 19). Can Social Policies Improve Health? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 38 Randomized Trials https ://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/146 8- 0009.12451#:~:text=Social%20policies%20influence%2 0health%20indirectly,in%20turn%20affect%20health%2 0outcomes. 39 SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF POLICY Financial strain Provider limitation Impact on economy Impact on health and well-being of individuals
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40 SOCIAL AND FINANCIAL COSTS OF AMENDING OR REPLACING POLICY • Increase of premium • Changes in policy • Repercussion • An impact on health treatments
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41 RECOMMENDATIONS ADDRESSING SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES Health care should be more affordable The community and healthcare should be more connected Government should be more involved Public and private companies should collaborate
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42 PROVISION Free health insurance and health services for individuals who suffer from mental health and addiction More medical assistance for those with pre-existing health conditions
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43 FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES HEALTHCARE REFORM AGREEMENT FROM STAKEHOLDERS ADJUSTING AND REPLACING THE HEALTHCARE POLICY
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44 POTENTIAL CHALLENGES • Failing economic development: – Technological innovation – Education – Infrastructure • Misinformation about policy development
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45 CONTINGENCIES • Tracking and monitoring: – Costs – Expenditures – Results on policy • Eligibility of standard and general care and health
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46 FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES REQUIRED The price of designing policy Training Providing extra resources Auditing cost Maintaining cost
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47 REFERENCES • Courtin, E., Kim, S., Song, S., Yu, W., & Muenning, P. (2020, March 19). Can Social Policies Improve Health? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 38 Randomized Trials https ://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1468- 0009.12451#:~:text=Social%20policies%20influence%20health%20indirectly,in%20turn%20affect%20health%20outcomes. • Johnson, D. W. (2020, February 21). Status Quo vs Revolutionary Healthcare . https://www.4sighthealth.com/status-quo- vs-revolutionary- healthcare/#:~:text=“Status%20Quo%20Healthcare”%20is%20plagued,medicine%20meets%20a%20good%20market. • Rogers, S. (2022, August 11). What Is Healthcare Policy And Why Is It Important . https://promedcert.com/blog/what-is- healthcare-policy-and-why-is-it- important/#:~:text=Healthcare%20policy%20works%20to%20maintain,and%20local%20levels%20by%20legislators. • Resource allocation and purchasing in the health sector: the English experience . (2008, November). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649545/ • Shrank, W. H., DeParle, N. A., & Gottlieb, S. (2021, January 21). Health Costs And Financing: Challenges And Strategies For A New Administration . https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01560
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