Glorianne_Irizarry_Week_2_Assignment
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Date
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32
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1
S U M M A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T :
D E V E L O P M E N T A N D I N F L U E N C E O F
P U B L I C P O L I C Y
G L O R I A N N E I R I Z A R R Y
U N I V E R S I T Y O F P H O E N I X
A J S / 5 9 0
L Y N N E T T E F A V O R S
O C T O B E R 1 6 , 2 0 2 3
2
OBJECTIVE
•
Introduction to potential stakeholders
•
Introduction
•
How did the policy develop?
•
Money
•
Momentum
•
How has it evolved?
•
What are some alternatives?
•
What is influencing the discussion around this policy?
•
What are the security issues associated with this policy?
•
Conclusion
•
References
The health care system is one that affects millions of people and there have been
many changes but are those changes enough to help. Stakeholders are vital and play
a major role in the healthcare system because they provide funding, support, and
solutions, and add more ideas to the overall healthcare system. Stakeholders are vital
in healthcare because they promote the advancement of health-related products,
services, and research.
There is concern about health care spending in recent years, which has been the
center of political debate. Yet from 2008 through 2013, healthcare spending grew by
less than 4 percent annually, one of the lowest rates in more than fifty years, and well
down from the annual average of more than 7 percent that prevailed from 2000
through 2008 and even higher rates of increase during the 1900s (Kraft & Furlong,
2019, p. 408).
Reference
Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. R. (2019).
Public Policy
(7th
ed.). Sage.
https
://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/97815443745
3
INTRODUCTION TO
POTENTIAL
STAKEHOLDERS
•
Patients
•
Physicians
•
Employers
•
Insurance companies
•
Pharmaceutical firms
•
Government
This Photo
by Unknown Author is licensed under
CC BY-SA
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98/epub/OEBPS/c9781544374574.i23.html#page_4
3
4
INTRODUCTION
•
Healthcare policies are created to help people by
preventing diseases and improving health.
Some
individuals feel like there can be a change to the health
care policy and want to see some improvements
made even though some health policies like the
Affordable Care Act exist. During this presentation, an
explanation of how the policy was developed, money,
momentum, some alternatives, and some influences
for the discussion around the policy.
The American health care system compared to other health care systems is quite
different. The United States has a very different healthcare system that most people
do not agree with but has also come a long way. During the 1700s health care was
very different. Women performed childbirth at home and the mortality rate was
extremely high, especially for children. In the 1900s President Theodore Roosevelt
believed that health insurance was vital because having sick and poor people did not
make a country strong. That was the beginning of health insurance in the United
States.
Reference
Griffin, J. (2020, March 27).
The History of Medicine and
Organized Healthcare in
America
.
https://www.griffinbenefits.com/blog/history-of-
healthcare
5
HEALTH CARE HISTORY
The 1700’s Colonial
times childbirth
The 1800’s Civil War Health
Care
The 1900’s
Health Care
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Fast forward to the early 2000s, most Americans have health insurance and the
history of health care at this point kind of slowed down. During this time, the George
Bush administration introduced Medicare Part D which included prescription drug
coverage. Then there was a drastic change when the Affordable Care Act was
introduced. This bill mandated large employers to provide health insurance to
employees as well as require all Americans to carry health insurance even if
employers did not offer it. Now in the present, the ACA has been dismantled.
6
HEALTH CARE HISTORY (CONTINUED)
Early 2000’s
Extending coverage to millions of Americans
2008–2016
The Affordable Care Act and Pre-existing conditions
2017 to Present
Day
•
The Trump Presidency
the biggest issue the United States government faces with health care is the cost and
to make the issues even worse is the fact that the cost of providing health care
services is rising at a very fast rate. Many individuals face the issue that if an
employer does not provide health care benefits, they can not afford to pay for private
insurance for medical services and this can be a financial burden for individuals
seeking health care. The rising cost deeply affects the leading federal health care
programs, Medicare expenditures alone totaled about $702 billion in 2017, and the
overall cost for federal and state spending on Medicaid was over $582 billion, for a
total of about $1.3 trillion (Kraft & Furlong, 2019, p. 439).
Reference
Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. R. (2019).
Public Policy
(7th
ed.). Sage.
https
://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/97815443745
98/epub/OEBPS/c9781544374574.i23.html#page_4
7
HEALTHCARE POLICY MONEY
Item
1980
1990
2000
2017
2027
(estimate)
Total national
health care
expenditures (in
billions)
$255.3
$721.4
$1,369.2
$3,492.1
$5,963.2
Per capita
health care
expenditures
$1,108
$2,843
$4,855
$10,739
$16,907
Health care
expenditures as
percentage of
GDP
8.9%
12.1%
13.4%
17.9%
19.4%
There is no denying that the United States has one of the finest healthcare systems in
the world not to mention the state-of-the-art hospitals equipped with some of the
best doctors and machinery. Even with these strengths, there come weaknesses. The
poor, the elderly, minorities, and those living in rural areas generally receive less
frequent and less adequate medical care than white, middle-class residents of urban
and suburban areas (Kraft & Furlong, 2019, p424).
Reference
Encyclopedia. (2023).
Healthcare
System
.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclope
dias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/healthcare-
systems#:~:text=The%20goal%20of%20a%20healthcare,
available%20resources%20and%20competing%20needs.
Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S.
8
MESSAGE
•
The goal of the healthcare system is to enhance the
health of the population in the most effective manner
possible in light of a society’s available resources and
competing needs (Encyclopedia, 2023).
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R. (2019).
Public Policy
(7th
ed.). Sage.
https
://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/978
1544374598/epub/OEBPS/c9781544374574.i23.html#pa
ge_4
8
9
HEALTHCARE POLICY
MOMENTUM
•
Everyone can benefit from healthcare
•
Help with maximizing resources and better financial
performance
•
Premium healthcare standards
Health care has evolved in many ways from medication to machinery. There has been
a lot of technological advancement when it comes to healthcare new screening
machines to help with diagnosis as well as having medical records online instead of
physical records. Healthcare has evolved tremendously making things easier for
patients and doctors. The rapid progress in medical technology has transformed
healthcare, diagnostics tools like MRI and CT Scans have become more accessible,
allowing for earlier and more accurate disease detection (Health Insurance, 2023).
Reference
Healthcare System. (2023, September 17).
Healthcare Changes and
Milestones Over the Last 25
Years
.
https://www.healthinsurance.com/learning-
center/article/how-healthcare-has-evolved-over-the-past-
decade#
10
HOW HAS HEALTHCARE EVOLVED?
Advanced
Machinery
New prescription
drugs
Great medical
research
New and improved
help with mental
health
Computerized
medical records
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When it comes to health care there must be alternatives in case things do not go as
planned. Some of those alternatives can be cost-sharing programs although they are
not considered insurance can be helpful to those who cannot afford health insurance.
Cost-sharing programs are nonprofit in which an individual pays a monthly premium
that covers the medical bills of other members in the program. It helps those who
can’t afford certain medical expenses. Another alternative is short-term insurance
coverage. Short-term insurance offers benefits for medical costs related to injury and
unexpected illness, because short-term plans are designed as temporary health
insurance coverage for those between major medical plans, it can be a nice option
when you’re trying to figure out how to afford permanent coverage (Yoo, 2023, para.
7).
Reference
Yoo, J. (2023, April 27).
4 Health Insurance Alternatives to ACA
Plans in 2023
.
https://www.pivothealth.com/4-health-
insurance-alternatives-to-aca-plans-in-2020-
165952#:~:text=There%20are%20some%20alternatives
11
SOME ALTERNATIVES
AFFORDABLE
CARE ACT
01
SHORT-TERM
INSURANCE
COVERAGE
02
COST SHARING
PROGRAMS
03
MANAGED
CARE
ORGANIZATION
04
%20to,%2C%20and%20faith%2Dbased%20plans.
11
Our health is largely determined by the social, economic, cultural, and physical
environments we live in, everything from where we work and live to our level of
education and our access to healthy food and water
(Public Health Institute of
Western Massachusetts, 2023, para. 1).
Reference
Public Health Institute of Western Massachusetts. (2023).
What Influences
Health?
https
://www.publichealthwm.org/what-health-
equity/what-influences-
health#:~:text=Our%20health%20is%20largely%20deter
mined,to%20healthy%20food%20and%20water.
12
WHAT IS
INFLUENCING
THE
DISCUSSION
AROUND THE
POLICY?
Social factors
Economic factors
Political factors
Lifestyle and environment
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Some security issues associated with the healthcare policy are phishing, ransomware,
data breaches, and DDoS attacks. These issues are becoming more common since
technology use has increased. It can be difficult for healthcare companies to keep
track of these security issues. These security breaches are costing healthcare
companies millions of dollars a year. There’s the reputational damage to a healthcare
organization, which is nearly impossible to quantify, approximately 60% to 80% of
data breaches go unreported, and 39% of healthcare organizations discover a breach
months after it happens (SOTI Inc, 2022, para. 5).
Reference
SOTI Inc. (2022, September 6).
Technology in Healthcare: The
Impact of Security Issues in
Healthcare
.
https://soti.net/resources/blog/2022/technolog
y-in-healthcare-the-impact-of-security-issues-in-
healthcare/
13
WHAT ARE THE SECURIT Y
ISSUES ASSOCIATED
WITH THIS POLICY?
•
Healthcare data threats
–
Phishing
–
Ransomware
–
Data breach
–
DDoS attacks
The healthcare policy is not an easy one to deal with because it is for the benefit of
the people who need it to maintain good health. There are a lot of ways to be able to
obtain insurance like the Affordable Care Act or through a managed care program but
not many are informed. Healthcare has come a long way from the 1700s now there is
a huge advancement in technology with MRI machines and CT scans that can help
diagnose a person before they become rally ill.
14
CONCLUSION
Healthcare policy
Affordable Care
Act
Health care
history dates back
to the 1700s
Social factor
contributes to the
discussion
15
REFERENCES
•
Encyclopedia. (2023).
Healthcare System
.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-
and-maps/healthcare-
systems#:~:text=The%20goal%20of%20a%20healthcare,available%20resources%20and%20competing%20needs.
•
Griffin, J. (2020, March 27).
The History of Medicine and Organized Healthcare in
America
.
https://www.griffinbenefits.com/blog/history-of-healthcare
•
Healthcare System. (2023, September 17).
Healthcare Changes and Milestones Over the Last 25
Years
.
https://www.healthinsurance.com/learning-center/article/how-healthcare-has-evolved-over-the-past-decade#
•
Public Health Institute of Western Massachusetts. (2023).
What Influences Health?
https
://www.publichealthwm.org/what-health-equity/what-
influences-health#:~:text=Our%20health%20is%20largely%20determined,to%20healthy%20food%20and%20water.
•
SOTI Inc. (2022, September 6).
Technology in Healthcare: The Impact of Security Issues in
Healthcare
.
https://soti.net/resources/blog/2022/technology-in-healthcare-the-impact-of-security-issues-in-healthcare/
•
Yoo, J. (2023, April 27).
4 Health Insurance Alternatives to ACA Plans in 2023
.
https://www.pivothealth.com/4-health-insurance-
alternatives-to-aca-plans-in-2020-
165952#:~:text=There%20are%20some%20alternatives%20to,%2C%20and%20faith%2Dbased%20plans.
•
Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. R. (2019).
Public Policy
(7th
ed.). Sage.
https
://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/9781544374598/epub/OEBPS/c9781544374574.i23.html#page_4
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16
C O S T- B E N E F I T V E R S U S
C O S T- E F F E C T I V E
A N A LY S E S
G L O R I A N N E I R I Z A R RY
U N I I V E R S I T Y O F P H O E N I X
A J S / 5 9 0
LY N N E T T E F A V O R S
O C T O B E R 2 3 , 2 0 2 3
17
OBJECTIVE
•
What cost-benefit analysis would apply?
•
Steps of Cost-benefit Analysis
•
Data to conduct analysis
•
What financial and human resources would this analysis require?
•
What results would be expected?
•
What cost-effectiveness analysis would apply?
•
What steps would you go through?
•
What kinds of data would be needed to conduct such an analysis?
•
What financial and human resources would this analysis require?
•
What results would you expect?
18
INTRODUCTION
•
Cost-benefit and cost-effective analysis are both types of decision analysis techniques and they
both measure the value of money and are both used to help decision-makers make better
choices.
It is important for the stakeholders to be informed about the fiscal analysis in
healthcare especially since the healthcare policy can be so expensive.
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Cost-benefit analysis is a process that is used to provide an estimate of the cost and
benefit of a project. To have an effective cost-benefit analysis there must be direct
cost, indirect cost, intangible cost, opportunity cost, and cost of potential risk as well
as direct benefit, indirect benefit, total benefit, and net benefit. cost-benefit will also
involve other kinds of calculations such as return on investment (ROI), internal rate of
return (IRR), net present value (NPV), and payback period (PBP). The purpose of cost-
benefit analysis is to have a more comprehensive approach to figuring out the math
in various business and project proposals.
19
WHAT COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
WOULD APPLY?
Cost-benefit analysis is a
way to compare the costs
and benefits of an
intervention, where both
are expressed in
monetary units.
Cost-benefit and cost-
effective analysis include
health outcomes
However, CBA places a
monetary value on health
outcomes so that both
costs and benefits are in
monetary units.
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The first step is to establish a framework for the analysis, identifying the goals and
objectives that are being addressed with the proposal. The next step is to identify the
costs and benefits. The third step is to assign a dollar amount or value to each cost
and benefit. The final step is to tally the total value of benefits and costs and
compare. If the benefits outnumber the total costs, then there is a business case that
proceeds with the project but if the total costs outnumber the benefits, then the
proposal should be reconsidered.
20
STEPS OF COST-
BENEFIT ANALYSIS
•
Four Steps of Cost-Benefit Analysis
–
Framework the analysis
–
Identify the cost and benefits
–
Assign a dollar amount or value to each cost and
benefit
–
Tally the total value of benefits and costs and compare
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21
DATA TO
CONDUCT
ANALYSIS
Data used for estimated costs
Data for estimated benefits
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Cost-benefit analysis weighs up the benefits a new hire can bring to the company and
considers this against the costs, framing it in a way that makes it easy for your
leadership team to understand and make the best decision for the business (The
Team Employment Hero Team, 2022, para. 6). The financial and human resources
that cost-benefit analysis requires time, finances, and hands-on skills because it takes
time and money to complete an economic analysis.
Reference
The Team Employment Hero. (2022, September 10).
How to perform a
cost-benefit analysis of
hiring
.
https://employmenthero.com/blog/cost-benefit-
analysis-of-
hiring/#:~:text=A%20cost%2Dbenefit%20analysis%20w
eighs,best%20decision%20for%20the%20business.
22
FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES
Time
Finances
Hands-on skills
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23
EXPECTED RESULTS
Gathering information to get either a
positive or negative result from a Cost-
Benefit Analysis
All the hidden costs will be
identified
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When it comes to facing constraints preventing analysts from conducting cost-benefit
analysis, cost-effective analysis is the most useful. The cost-effective analysis is a tool
used to aid decisions about which medical care should be offered, it is a method of
comparing the cost and effectiveness of two or more alternatives (U.S. Department of
Veteran Affairs, 2023, para. 1). The main goal of CEA is to determine if the value of an
intervention justifies its cost (U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2023, para. 1). The
goal of cost-effectiveness analysis is to help inform policy so that patients receive the
proper treatment that will save their life is rewarded fairly.
Reference
U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs. (2023, April 30).
Measuring Costs for
Cost-Effectiveness
Analysis
.
https://www.herc.research.va.gov/include/page.a
sp?id=measure-costs-cea
24
WHAT COST-EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS
WOULD BE APPLIED?
•
Cost-effective can be useful in comparing the health
and cost impacts of different interventions affecting
the same health outcome. It can also be useful for
understanding how much an intervention may cost
compared to an alternative intervention (CDC, 2023).
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The advantage of cost-effectiveness analysis is that it requires no measurements of
the value of intangible benefits such as human lives; it simply compares different
policy alternatives that can produce these benefits in terms of their relative costs
(Kraft, 2019, p. 302). The first step is to collaborate with stakeholders so that
everyone can benefit from their expertise.
Reference
Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. R. (2019).
Public Policy
(7th
ed.). Sage.
https
://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/9781544374598/epub/OEBPS/c978154
4374574.i23.html#page_
302
25
STEPS OF COST-EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS
Framing the cost-effectiveness analysis
Estimating direct program costs
Other perspective costs
Future costs
Connect to outcomes
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A cost-effectiveness ratio is the net cost divided by changes in health outcomes,
examples include cost per case of disease prevented or cost per death averted,
however, if the net costs are negative the results are reported as net cost savings
(
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
, 2023, para. 4).
Reference
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023).
Cost-Effectiveness
Analysis
.
https://www.cdc.gov/policy/polaris/economics/c
ost-
effectiveness/index.html#:~:text=Cost%2Deffectiveness
%20analysis%20is%20a,gained%20or%20a%20death%2
0prevented.
26
DATA NEEDED FOR COST-EFFECTIVE
ANALYSIS
Momentary value of
benefit
Associated costs
The discounted value
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27
RESOURCES NEEDED FOR COST-
EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS
Hands-on
skills
All the
financial costs
that are
require for
the analysis
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28
EXPECTED
RESULTS
A P O S I T I V E O U T C O M E I S T H E E X P E C T E D R E S U LT
I N T H E C A S E O F C O S T- E F F E C T I V E N E S S A N A LY S I S
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29
REFERENCES
•
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023).
Cost-Effectiveness
Analysis
.
https://www.cdc.gov/policy/polaris/economics/cost-
effectiveness/index.html#:~:text=Cost%2Deffectiveness%20analysis%20is%20a,gained%20or%20a%20death%
20prevented.
•
The Team Employment Hero. (2022, September 10).
How to perform a cost-benefit analysis of
hiring
.
https://employmenthero.com/blog/cost-benefit-analysis-of-
hiring/#:~:text=A%20cost%2Dbenefit%20analysis%20weighs,best%20decision%20for%20the%20business.
•
U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs. (2023, April 30).
Measuring Costs for Cost-Effectiveness
Analysis
.
https://www.herc.research.va.gov/include/page.asp?id=measure-costs-cea
•
Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. R. (2019).
Public Policy
(7th
ed.). Sage.
https
://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/9781544374598/epub/OEBPS/c9781544374574.i23.ht
ml#page_
302
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