BIO 201 Chapter 9 Joints Assignment OPS - Tagged (2)
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Arizona State University *
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Course
201
Subject
Medicine
Date
Dec 6, 2023
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Pages
13
Uploaded by kiperea
Page 1
Chapter 9-Joints
For this assignment, please read the chapter and answer the questions below. Please type your answers in red or blue color. Please note that points may be deducted if answers are not submitted in these colors.
Sentences in italics are meant to help you understand the material- they are not questions
Each question is worth .5 points. This assignment is worth 52.5 points.
Classification of Joints (1 points)
Bones connect to each other at articulations or _____________.
How are joints classified?
Structural classification of joints includes:(
1.5 points
)
Fibrous joints:
Synovial joints:
Cartilaginous joints:
Functional classification includes (
1.5 points
)
Synarthrosis-
Amphiarthrosis-
Diarthrosis-
joints
Structurally and functionally A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective tissue articulating surfaces of the bones are not directly connected, but instead come into contact with each other within a joint cavity that is filled with a lubricating fluid. bones are joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
An immobile or nearly immobile joint A joint that has limited mobility A freely mobile joint Karyme Perea
Page 2
What is the functional classification on the suture joints? _______________ (.5 point)
What is the functional classification of the joints between the vertebrae? ______________ (.5 point)
known for being immovable and found between bones of the skull
Contains an intervertebral disc that unites the bodies of adjacent vertebrae within the area
Page 3
What is the functional classification of the hip joint? ________________ (.5 points)
Fibrous joints (2 points)
Suture:
Location of joint:
Newborns and infants have wider areas between the bones containing connective tissue called ______________.
How do they aid in delivery?
Fusion of bones or _______________.
Its a multiaxial joint that provides a range of motion. Extension, flexion, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation. the narrow fibrous joint found between most bones of the skull.
sutures are located in the skull
fontanelles
It helps the babies skull be flexible so when the mother dilates they can easily slip through. (fontanelles provide flexibility to th
bones to push closer together or to overlap slightly, thus aiding movement of the infant’s head through the birth canal. After bi
regions of connective tissue allow for rapid growth of the skull and enlargement of the brain. )
synostosis
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Page 4
Give an example of each of the following joints-
Syndesmosis (1.5 points):
Location of joint _______
___________ connect bone to bone.
Interosseous membrane_____
Gomphosis (1.5 points):
Also known as ______________________________
Location of joint_______
_____________ because they are immobile.
Cartilaginous joints
Synchondrosis (2 points):
Location of joint_______
When would a synchondrosis joint be temporary or permanent?
Example of a temporary synchondrosis joint______
Example of a permanent synchondrosis joint______
Symphysis: (2 points)
Location of joint___________
_____________ connects bones example: forearm: radius and ulna or leg: tibia and fibula
fibrous tissue
fibrous sheet of connective tissue
a peg-and-socket joint
example: tooth
called fixed joints
example: epiphyseal plate (growth plate) of a growing long bone
in the case of a growing long bone ilium, ischium, and pubic portions of the hip bone
the first sternocostal joint,where the first rib is anchored to the manubrium by its costal cartilage
example: pubic symphysis and the manubriosternal joint.
fibrocartilage
Page 5
Synovial joint:
Where would you find an articular capsule? (1 point)
Function:
Each bone is covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called the ____________ cartilage. (.5 point)
Lining each articular capsule is a _________ membrane which secrete ___________ _________. (1point)
Compare and contrast ligaments and tendons (
3 points)
Extrinsic ligament:
Intrinsic ligament:
Intracapsular ligament:
around a synovial joint prevents friction between the bones at a synovial joint
articular a fibrous connective tissue structure that is attached to each bone just outside the area of the bone’s articulating surface. The bones of the joint articulate with each other within the joint cavity.
synovial
synovial fluid
located outside of the articular capsule
fused to or incorporated into the wall of the articular capsule
located inside of the articular capsule
Page 6
Bursa (2.5 points):
Located between the skin and underlying bone, _______________ bursa.
Example:
Found between the muscle and underlying bone, ____________ bursa.
Example: Found between a tendon and bone, ____________ bursa.
Example:
Inflammation of a bursa near a joint, ___________.
Symptoms:
Common areas of inflammation:
Treatment:
Types of synovial joints – identify each joint type, its location and description.
(3 points)
Joint type
Location
Description
Pivot
Hinge
Condyloid
Saddle
Plane
Ball and Socket
subcutaneous
submuscular
subtendinous
bursitis prepatellar bursa located over the kneecap and the olecranon bursa at the tip of the elbow
found at the lateral hip, between the greater trochanter of the femur and the overlying gluteus maximus muscle
subacromial bursa that protects the tendon of shoulder muscle as it passes under the acromion of the scapula
pain, swelling, or tenderness of the bursa and surrounding area, and may also result in joint stiffness
bursae found at or near the shoulder, hip, knee, or elbow joints.
if the bursitis is caused by an infection, or anti-inflammatory agents: antibiotics, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or corticosteroids
if the bursitis is due to trauma or overuse: chronic bursitis may require that fluid be drained, but additional surgery is usually not required.
between C1 and C2 vertebrae
elbow joint hip joint
between radius and carpal bone of the wrist between trapezium carpal and 1st metacarpal bone
between tarsal bones
rounded portion of a bone is enclosed within a ring formed partially by the articulation with another bone and partially by a ligament The bone rotates within this ring. Since the rotation is around a single axis, pivot joints are functionally classified as uniaxial diarthrosis type of joint.
the convex end of one bone articulates with the concave end of the adjoining bone This type of joint allows only for bending and straightening motions along a single axis, and thus hinge joints
are functionally classified as uniaxial joints
(ellipsoid joint), the shallow depression at the end of one bone articulates with a rounded
structure from an adjacent bone or bones
both of the articulating surfaces for the bones have a saddle shape, which is concave in one
direction and convex
(gliding joint), the articulating surfaces of the bones are flat or slightly curved and of approximately
the same size, which allows the bones to slide against each other joint with the greatest range of motion. , the rounded head of one
bone (the ball) fits into the concave articulation (the socket) of the adjacent bone
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Page 7
How is arthritis different from bursitis? (.5 point)
What bacterial or viral infections can lead to arthritis? (.5 point)
Which type of arthritis is most common? (.5 point)
Treatment for arthritis (.5 point) -
Types of body movement Which joints aid in the body’s ability to achieve range of motion? (.5 point)
Arthritis occurs between two bones (synovial joints) and bursitis is inflammation of a bursa
autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, or systemic lupus
erythematosus) bacterial or viral infections, or unknown (probably genetic) causes
osteoarthritis there is no treatmeant but an arthroplasty or a joint replacement can be done although invasive synovial joints
Page 8
Compare and contrast flexion and extension. (.5 point)
________ is excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, resulting in injury. (.5 point)
Medial and lateral motions of limbs in the coronal plane is _________________ and ______________. (.5 point)
Lateral movement of a limb away from the midline of the body is:
Give an example-
(1 point)
Medial movement of a limb toward the midline of the body is:
Give an example-
(1 point)
How is circumduction different from rotation? (.5 point)
Which joints are involved in rotation? (.5 point)
How is medial rotation different from lateral rotation? (.5 point)
Pointing of the toes is an example of __________________. (.5 point)
____________ is turning of the foot toward the midline. (.5 point)
____________ is turning of the foot away from the midline of the body. (.5 point)
Anatomy of selected synovial joints
Adjacent vertebrae articulate with each other at ________________ joints.
What types of joints are these? (1 point)
Flexion and extension are typically movements that take place within the sagittal plane and involve anterior or posterior movements of the neck, trunk, or limbs.
hyperextension
adduction abduction
abduction spreading fingers
adduction
bringing fingers towards eachother
is the movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region being
moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle. It involves the sequential combination of
flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction at a joint
can occur within the vertebral column, at a pivot joint, or at a ball-and-socket joint. Rotation of the neck or body is the twisting movement produced by the summation of the small rotational movements available between
adjacent vertebrae
medial rotation: Movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body lateral rotation: rotation of the limb so that the anterior surface moves away from the midline
plantarflexion inversion
eversion
synovial
zygapophysial joints
Page 9
When the cervical vertebrae articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull the joint formed is the _____________________. (.5 point)
This allows for the movement of the head for nodding _________.
(.5 point)
While the articulation of C1 and C2 vertebrae to allow ________ is a result of the ________________ joint. (1 point)
_____________________ joint allows for the opening and closing of the mouth via mandibular depression and mandibular elevation
. (.5 point)
Shoulder joint
Another name for the shoulder joint is the ________________. (.5 point)
atlanto-occipital joint yes
no
atlantoaxial
temporomandibular
glenohumeral joint
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Page 10
Identify the muscles of the rotator cuff. What causes injury to the rotator cuff? (2 points)
The uniaxial hinge joint that makes up the elbow is the _______________ joint. (.5 point)
Which bones and parts articulate to form this joint? (.5 point)
How is hyperextension prevented at the elbow joint? (.5 point)
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapular
These muscles are the primary support of shoulder. Also, repetitive use of the upper limb, particularly in abduction such as during
throwing, swimming, or racquet sports, may lead to acute or chronic inflammation of the bursa or muscle tendons. (a
tear of the glenoid labrum, or degeneration or tears of the rotator cuff) Because the humeral head is strongly
supported by muscles and ligaments around its anterior, superior, and posterior aspects, most dislocations of the
humerus occur in an inferior direction. This can occur when force is applied to the humerus when the upper limb is
fully abducted, as when diving to catch a baseball and landing on your hand or elbow
humeroulnar
humerus, ulna and radius. the articulation between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna
The articulation between the humerus and the ulna is what prevents hyperextension. Olecranon fossa.
Page 11
The ____________ ligament is on the medial side of the joint, while the ______________ ligament supports the lateral side of the joint. (1 point)
The _____________ ligaments encircle the radius head.
(.5 point)
Hip Joint
The hip joint is a ____________ ball-and-socket joint between the _________ and ________.
(1
point)
The socket portion of the hip joint is the __________. (.5 point)
When in the upright standing position which ligaments pull the head of the femur deeply into the acetabulum? (.5 point)
Why is the hip prone to osteoarthritis? (.5 point)
RCL
UCL
annular multiaxial
head of the femur
hip bone
acetabulum
iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, and ischiofemoral ligament
wear and tear over time, osteoporosis, a fall (taking into account the body's weight)
Page 12
The largest joint in the body is the _______________. (.5 point)
Why is this joint so large? (.5 point)
The patella serves to protect the _____________ from friction against the ________________.
(1 point
)
Describe the dynamic ligament. (.5 point)
When a patient has a torn meniscus, what does this mean? How is it treated? (
1 point)
How does this affect their ability to walk? (.5 point)
When would a person need a knee replacement? (.5 point)
knee
It consists of three different articulations. The knee is well constructed for weight bearing in its extended position, but is vulnerable to injuries associated with hyperextension, twisting, or blows to the medial or lateral side of the joint, particularly while weight bearing.
quadriceps tendon
distal femur
patellar ligament: serves as a “dynamic ligament” to provide very important support and stabilization for the knee joint
it means the sponge-like cartilage between your tibia and femur is torn. It can be treated my surgery or be left alone since there is poor blood supply to the area.
depends on the severity of the torn meniscus, it could potentially cause the knee to lock or be painful in any twisting motions arthritis or if all ligaments become damaged
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Page 13
The ankle is formed by the ____________ joint.
(.5 point)
What occurs during an ankle sprain? (.
5 point)
How is it treated?
(.5 point)
How does this affect mobility? (.5 point)
talocrural
excessive inversion or eversion of the foot causing stretching or tearing of the supporting ligaments. Ex: Excess inversion causes the talus bone to tilt laterally, thus damaging the ligaments on the lateral side of the ankle.
Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation. Reducing joint mobility using a brace or cast may be required for a period of time. More severe injuries involving ligament tears or bone fractures may require surgery
causes painful mobility (inversion or eversion and at times hile weight bearing