Week2 BHA4002 PAPER.edited.2

1 Evolution of the Hospital Industry: A Comparative Analysis Allie Hancock Capella University BHA4002: History of the United States Health Care System Chanadra Whiting 10/22/2023

2 Evolution of the Hospital Industry: A Comparative Analysis In this comparative analysis report, we will discuss the evolution of the hospital industry between the 1800s and 2000s. This research was performed to show the significant changes over 100 years. They range from treatment, staffing, education, and cost. Due to science, not only has the hospital industry improved, but so has healthcare. Hospital Care Evolution In the 19 th century, hospitals were funded by wealthy citizens who donated money as part of their civic duties. During these times, they treated people experiencing poverty but had little medical treatment. Surgeries were unsafe due to rampant infection, and physicians used patients to do trial runs for treatment. Between the 1800s and 2000s, there were medical scientific that helped improve the hospital industry, and those included Sterilization, founded by Joseph Lister in 1867; Xray, founded by German Physicist Wilhelm Roentgen, 1960 when heart catheterization was used to see blocked arteries; and by 1970s were opening them up. A significant hospital transformation happened in 1965 with the passage of the Social Security Amendment of 1965, which created Medicaid and Medicare. In 2012, $970 Billion of healthcare expenditures went into the 4,895 acute care hospitals. Today, American Hospitals are the dominant players in the healthcare system, significantly impacting the American economy. Hospital Environment During the early 1800s, hospitals were limited with treatments, beds, testing, and staff. The physicians were seeing patients to gain practice. For most of the 19 th century, only the socially marginal, poor, or isolated received medical care in institutions in the United States. In the 1960s, between 1865 and 1925, in all regions of the United States, hospitals transformed into expensive, modern hospitals with x-rays, laboratories, and antiseptic surgeries with their

4 instead volunteered to gain practice. Treatment was limited due to insufficient knowledge, treatments, and testing. Dr. Emil Freireich, along with colleagues, achieved cures using combination chemotherapy. Due to advanced technologies in the 1900s to early 2000s, hospitals were able to treat many human diseases. More knowledge was gained through practice, and it rapidly grew. Paying for Your Care In 1965, Medicaid and Medicare were established by the Social Security Amendment, extending health coverage to almost all Americans aged 65 or older and providing healthcare services to low-income families and people with disabilities. In 1966, Medicare was implemented, more than 19 million enrolled, and the Balanced Budget Act was created. Private insurance spread throughout the U.S. from 1930 to the 1960s. The enactment of the Health Professions Educational Assistance Act of 1963 provided direct financial assistance to medical, dental, nursing, and pharmacy. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted under the Clinton administration in 1996. During the 20 th century, President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act, and Health coverage became more accessible to patients. This was for employees to maintain uninterrupted health insurance coverage if they lost or changed jobs by enabling them to continue coverage through their prior employer’s group health plan. Comparative Analysis During the 1800s, hospital care was minimal. Low-income patients were seeking care at home, performing surgeries at home, and seeking home remedy treatments. Wealthy people funded hospitals, staff was limited with a lack of knowledge and expertise, and treatment was unfeasible. Being uninsured was part of the reason some did not have access to health care.

5 Between the 1860s and 2000s, medical science helped improve not only the staff's knowledge but also the patients' treatment. Significant changes happened between 1865 and 1925 when hospitals in all regions of the United States transformed into modern hospitals of science and technology. During 1925, these hospitals functioned with the advantages of x-rays, laboratories, aseptic surgeries, specialized personnel, technical equipment, and access to insurance coverage and financial help. Conclusion In conclusion, the Evolution of Healthcare has significantly changed throughout the past 100 years and continues to grow. With the changes and additions to healthcare, people have a higher quality of life and can seek the care they need when they fall ill. As healthcare continues to expand rapidly, the more positive changes will continue. In healthcare, things change daily as new medications, treatments, and technology are created for many diagnoses. As we all know, when COVID-19 hit, there was an issue with access to health care due to the safety of the staff and patients. The pandemic created Telemedicine, which made seeking care during a crisis more accessible and still allows patients to receive treatment.

7 Appendix Comparative Analysis Table: Hospital Care Evolution Instructions: Fill in the chart with bullet points that describe the key milestones (events, regulations, laws, etc.) and the supporting details to explain the topics in each cell. Use your textbook and at least two other resources from Week 2’s What You Need to Know in your research, and document where you found the information using accurate APA citations. Subject/Topic 1800s 1960s 2000s Hospital Environment (Describe the overall hospital environment.)  1867 was the birth of Sterilization (Joseph Lister)  Xrays were created (Wilhelm Roetgen)  Treatments and surgery were performed at home  Education lacking in the personnel  Undeveloped Hospitals  Only the socially marginal, poor, or isolated received care in institutions  Medical science and technology expanded (Laboratories, aseptic surgeries, diagnostic testing)  Hospitals turned into Modern hospitals of Science and Technology  Urbanization  Hospitals expanded across the U.S.  Cures were founded  Technology was created  More accessibility  Emergence of the Modern Hospital Medical Staff Education Level (Describe the care providers and their education levels.)  Universities in Italy and Germany became centers for the education of medical practitioners.  Famous nursing school at St. Thomas Hospital(Florence Nightingale)   3-year hospital- based diploma programs switched to 4 year baccalaureate programs  Scientific basis of Medicine  Education requirements have become more accessible.  New technology and science created new knowledge Level of Care (Describe the quality of care for each century and if it improved.)  Spread of disease was rampant.  Care was performed at home.  Lack of treatment  Performing Heart Catheterizations  Intensive Care Units Opened  Perform of Medical Training  Specialized personnel  New Technology  Expanding hospitals  More accessible  Managed Care

8 Paying for Care (Describe how care was paid for.)  Free Clinics  Home procedures  Medicare and Medicaid were created.  Social Security Amendment  Insurance  Medicare and Medicaid  Financial Assistance