Joints Assignment: Understanding Joint Classifications and Functions

Page 1 Chapter 9-Joints For this assignment, please read the chapter and answer the questions below. Please type your answers in red or blue color. Please note that points may be deducted if answers are not submitted in these colors. Sentences in italics are meant to help you understand the material- they are not questions Each question is worth .5 points. This assignment is worth 52.5 points. Classification of Joints (1 points) Bones connect to each other at articulations or __ Joints ___________. How are joints classified? By either structural or functional classification Structural classification of joints includes:( 1.5 points ) Fibrous joints: where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective tissue. Synovial joints: : the articulating surfaces of the bones are not directly connected, but instead come into contact with each other within a joint cavity Cartilaginous joints : the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage Functional classification includes ( 1.5 points ) Synarthrosis- An immobile or nearly immobile joint

Page 2 Amphiarthrosis- a joint that has limited mobility Diarthrosis- A freely mobile joint What is the functional classification on the suture joints? _____ synarthrosis __________ (.5 point)

Page 3 What is the functional classification of the joints between the vertebrae? ___ amphiarthosis ___________ (.5 point) What is the functional classification of the hip joint? ___ diarthrosis/multiaxial joint _____________ (.5 points) Fibrous joints (2 points) Suture: All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture Location of joint: between all bones of skull except for the mandible Newborns and infants have wider areas between the bones containing connective tissue called ___ fontanelles ___________.

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Page 4 How do they aid in delivery? the fontanelles provide flexibility to the skull, allowing the bones to push closer together or to overlap slightly, thus aiding movement of the infant’s head through the birth canal. Fusion of bones or ____ synostosis ___________. Give an example of each of the following joints- Syndesmosis (1.5 points): Location of joint __ leg/forearm _____ ___ ligaments ________ connect bone to bone. Interosseous membrane_____ Gomphosis (1.5 points): Also known as _____ peg-and-socket joint _________________________ Location of joint__ jaw _____ _____ synarthrosis ________ because they are immobile. Cartilaginous joints Synchondrosis (2 points): Location of joint__ thoracic cage _____

Page 5 When would a synchondrosis joint be temporary or permanent ? Temporary because cartilage is softer than bone tissue, injury to a growing long bone can damage the epiphyseal plate cartilage, thus stopping bone growth and preventing additional bone lengthening. Example of a temporary synchondrosis joint__ growth plate of long bone ____ Example of a permanent synchondrosis joint__ thoracic cage ____ Symphysis: (2 points) Location of joint__ pelvic bone _________ ____ fibrocartilage _________ connects bones Synovial joint:

Page 6 Where would you find an articular capsule? (1 point) Around a joint surrounding it Function: articulation of long bones Each bone is covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called the _____ articular _______ cartilage. (.5 point) Lining each articular capsule is a __ synovial _______ membrane which secrete ___ synovial_ _______ __ fluid _______. (1point) Compare and contrast ligaments and tendons ( 3 points) Extrinsic ligament: located outside of the articular capsule Intrinsic ligament : fused to or incorporated into the wall of the articular capsule Intracapsular ligament: located inside of the articular capsule.

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Page 7 Bursa (2.5 points): Located between the skin and underlying bone, ____ subcutaneous ___________ bursa. Example: Found between the muscle and underlying bone, __ submuscular __________ bursa. Example: Found between a tendon and bone, __ subtendinous __________ bursa. Example: Inflammation of a bursa near a joint, __ bursitis _________. Symptoms: pain or swelling of the bursa and joint stiffness Common areas of inflammation: shoulder, hip region, or elbow Treatment: antibiotics or corticosteroids Types of synovial joints – identify each joint type, its location and description. (3 points) Joint type Location Description Pivot Neck Rounded portion of a bone Hinge elbow Convex end of one bone Condyloid wrist Shallow end of one bone Saddle Hand/wrist Both articulating surfaces have s addle shape Plane Feet/ankle Articulating surfaces of te bones are flat or curved Ball and Socket Hip joint The rounded head of one bone fits into the concave articulation of adajecnt bone

Page 8 How is arthritis different from bursitis? (.5 point) Arthritis affects the bones and joints and bursitis affects bursa What bacterial or viral infections can lead to arthritis? (.5 point) Hepatitis b or c Which type of arthritis is most common? (.5 point) Osteoarthritis associated with aging Treatment for arthritis (.5 point) - Exercise, pain medications Types of body movement Which joints aid in the body’s ability to achieve range of motion? (.5 point) Synovial joints

Page 9 Compare and contrast flexion and extension. (.5 point) movements that take place within the sagittal plane and involve anterior or posterior movements of the neck, trunk, or limbs. _ hyperextension _______ is excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, resulting in injury. (.5 point) Medial and lateral motions of limbs in the coronal plane is __ abduction _______________ and ___ adduction ___________. (.5 point) Lateral movement of a limb away from the midline of the body is: abduction Give an example- raising arm at shoulder point (1 point) Medial movement of a limb toward the midline of the body is: adduction Give an example- pointing your thumb straight from palm (1 point) How is circumduction different from rotation? (.5 point) Circumduction is when a limb moves in circle and rotation is when the limbs turn round Which joints are involved in rotation? (.5 point) Pivot joint, uniaxial joint How is medial rotation different from lateral rotation? (.5 point) Medial rotation is when the anterior surface of a limb is toward the midline of the body and lateral rotation si when the anterior surface moves away from the midline Pointing of the toes is an example of ___ dorsiflexion _______________. (.5 point) ____ inversion ________ is turning of the foot toward the midline. (.5 point) ___ enversion_________ is turning of the foot away from the midline of the body. (.5 point)

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Page 10 Anatomy of selected synovial joints Adjacent vertebrae articulate with each other at __ synovial ______________ joints. What types of joints are these? (1 point) facet joints When the cervical vertebrae articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull the joint formed is the _____ atlanto occipital joint ________________. (.5 point) This allows for the movement of the head for nodding ___ c1 and c2 ______. (.5 point) While the articulation of C1 and C2 vertebrae to allow __ shaking head ______ is a result of the ____ atlantoaxial ____________ joint. (1 point) ______ temporomandibular _______________ joint allows for the opening and closing of the mouth via mandibular depression and mandibular elevation . (.5 point)

Page 11 Shoulder joint Another name for the shoulder joint is the ___ glenohumeral joint _____________. (.5 point) Identify the muscles of the rotator cuff. What causes injury to the rotator cuff? (2 points) Subscapularis infraspinatus and teres minor muscle The uniaxial hinge joint that makes up the elbow is the ____ humeroulnar ___________ joint. (.5 point) Which bones and parts articulate to form this joint? (.5 point) Articulation between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna

Page 12 How is hyperextension prevented at the elbow joint? (.5 point) The strongest part of this ligament is the anterior portion, which resists hyperextension of the elbow. The __ ulnar collateral __________ ligament is on the medial side of the joint, while the ____ radial collateral __________ ligament supports the lateral side of the joint. (1 point) The ____ annular_________ ligaments encircle the radius head. (.5 point) Hip Joint The hip joint is a __ multiaxial __________ ball-and-socket joint between the ___ femur_ _____ and ____hip-bone ____. (1 point)

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Page 13 The socket portion of the hip joint is the _ acetabulum _________. (.5 point) When in the upright standing position which ligaments pull the head of the femur deeply into the acetabulum? (.5 point) Acetabular labrum Why is the hip prone to osteoarthritis? (.5 point) This may result from a fall, or it may cause the fall. This can happen as one lower limb is taking a step and all of the body weight is placed on the other limb, causing the femoral neck to break and producing a fall The largest joint in the body is the _______knee joint ________. (.5 point) Why is this joint so large? (.5 point) It has 3 articulations The patella serves to protect the _____ quadricep s________ from friction against the _____ distal femur ___________. (1 point )

Page 14 Describe the dynamic ligament. (.5 point) the quadriceps femoris is a powerful muscle that acts to extend the leg at the knee. provides support and stabilization for the knee join When a patient has a torn meniscus, what does this mean? How is it treated? ( 1 point) A moderate blow to the lateral knee will cause the medial side of the joint to open, resulting in stretching or damage to the tibial collateral ligament. How does this affect their ability to walk? (.5 point) Walking up or down can be painful When would a person need a knee replacement? (.5 point) When osteoarthritis occurs and the knee becomes complete weak The ankle is formed by the _ talocrural ___________ joint. (.5 point) What occurs during an ankle sprain? (. 5 point) A sprain is the stretching or tearing of the supporting ligaments. Excess inversion causes the talus bone to tilt laterally, thus damaging the ligaments on the lateral side of the ankle. T How is it treated? (.5 point) Using the RICE technique How does this affect mobility? (.5 point) Can be diffiucukt to walk Cites: https://assets.openstax.org/oscms- prodcms/media/documents/Anatomy_and_Physiology_2e_-_WEB_c9nD9QL.pdf?

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BIO Chapter 9 Joints Assignment

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