PET_scan_with_image_tasks
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School
National College, Princeton *
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Course
123A
Subject
Medicine
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
Pages
10
Uploaded by kingoftheworld123
Positron Emission Tomography
(PET) Images
Each set of PET images below contains four images of a human brain. The four images show
cross-sections taken at different levels of the brain.
Set 1
Set 2
a
b
a
b
c
d
c
d
Set 3
highest
a
b
activity
lowest
activity
c
d
Copyright © 2000 by BSCS and Videodiscovery, Inc. Permission granted for classroom use.
Master 1.1a
Set 4
a
b
c
d
Set 6
a
b
c
d
Set 5
a
b
c
d
PET images provided by:
Sanjiv S. Gambhir, M.D., Ph.D.
Let’s Play PET
UCLA School of Medicine
Crump Institute for Biological Imaging
Copyright 1998
Regents of the University of California
Let’s Play PET website:
http://www.crump.ucla.edu/lpp/clinpetneuro/function.html.
Copyright © 2000 by BSCS and Videodiscovery, Inc. Permission granted for classroom use.
Master 1.1b
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Interpreting PET Images
1. When you look at the images that make up Set #1, how do the four images differ from each
other?
2. Why are four images shown in each set of PET images? Why would scientists need to
examine more than one PET image taken of a subject’s brain?
3. When comparing the images in Set #1 to the images in Sets #2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, how is the activ
ity of the brain in each of these sets different from Set #1?
Copyright © 2000 by BSCS and Videodiscovery, Inc. Permission granted for classroom use.
Set
Number
Identify the image
that shows the
greatest change
(a, b, c, or d)
Describe the change in brain activity
2
3
4
5
6
Master 1.2a
4. The PET images shown in Set #1 show brain activity in a resting brain. The images in Sets #2-
6 show activity in the brains of humans who are doing different tasks. When you look at the
PET scans and the chart in question #3, what generalizations can you make about the activity
of the brain when different tasks are performed?
5. Compare the tasks that the subject performed during each of the PET scans (as shown on the
overhead transparency) to the individual’s brain activity. Use the information from the over-
head and from the PET images to complete the following chart.
Set
Number
Name of the brain
region that is more
active in the
PET image
This part of the brain is involved
in processing information related to
2
auditory cortex
3
primary visual cortex
4
frontal cortex
5
hippocampus
6
motor cortex
Copyright © 2000 by BSCS and Videodiscovery, Inc. Permission granted for classroom use.
Master 1.2b
PET Image Tasks
The tasks that the subject performed during each of the
PET scans are as follows:
• Set #1
Subject is resting.
• Set #2
Subject is listening to music.
• Set #3
Subject is looking at a picture showing
both pattern and color.
• Set #4
Subject is performing a thinking task.
• Set #5
Subject must remember an image for later
recall.
• Set #6
Subject is hopping up and down on the
right foot.
Copyright © 2000 by BSCS and Videodiscovery, Inc. Permission granted for classroom use.
Master 1.3
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Major Regions of the Brain
Copyright © 2000 by BSCS and Videodiscovery, Inc. Permission granted for classroom use.
Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse (1997) Mind Over Matter: The Brain’s Response to Drugs, Teacher’s Guide.
Master 1.4
Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
and Their Functions
Copyright © 2000 by BSCS and Videodiscovery, Inc. Permission granted for classroom use.
Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse (1997) Mind Over Matter: The Brain’s Response to Drugs, Teacher’s Guide.
Master 1.5
What Happened to Phineas Gage?
Due to an accident while he was working, Phineas Gage made a contribution to the under-
standing of how the brain works. In 1848, 25-year old Phineas Gage worked for the Rutland
and Burlington Railroad Company laying railroad tracks across Vermont. Before railroad track
could be laid, however, the uneven ground needed to be leveled. Gage and coworkers had to
drill holes in the stone, put explosive in the holes, cover the explosive with sand, and then use
a fuse and tamping iron to trigger an explosion. One day, an accident occurred that changed
Gage’s life forever. The explosive went off early sending the tamping iron, which was 1.25
inches in diameter and 43 inches long, shooting into Gage’s face, through his skull and brain,
and out the top of his head. The tamping iron landed about 25 yards away. Gage regained
consciousness within a few minutes. Amazingly, he not only survived the blast, but he was able
to talk and to walk! His coworkers took him to the doctor who cleaned and bandaged the
wounds, the standard medical treatment at the time.
Although Gage survived the physical injuries from the blast, he was a changed man. He
appeared to be just as intelligent as before the accident, and he did not have any impairment in
movement, speech, or memory. But, something was different. Prior to the accident, he was a
responsible, intelligent and likeable person. After the accident, he was irresponsible, used
profanity extensively, and demonstrated no respect for social customs. His friends commented
that “Gage was no longer Gage.” He could not hold the responsible jobs that he had prior to the
accident and apparently wandered for the next several years. Phineas Gage ended up in San
Francisco in the custody of his family where he died approximately 12 years after the accident.
Twenty years after the accident, the physician who treated Gage correlated the behavioral changes
with damage to the frontal region of the brain. At the time, the brain was thought to control
language and movement, but the suggestion that the brain functioned to process emotions and
social behavior was new. In addition, scientists at the time believed the brain lacked localized
functions. Unknowingly, Phineas Gage contributed to our understanding of how the brain
processes information.
In the 1990s, scientists used their improved understanding of brain function, computer modeling
techniques, and new data from Gage’s skull. Based on this information, they found that the acci
dent damaged both hemispheres of the frontal lobe, which is the part of the brain that influences
social behavior. Today, physicians see patients with damage to the frontal lobe that has occurred
through motor vehicle accidents, gun accidents, or major falls. These individuals, like Phineas
Gage, often have dramatic changes in their emotional and decision-making abilities.
1. How did Phineas Gage change after the accident?
2. How did Phineas Gage’s accident change scientists’ understanding of the brain?
Copyright © 2000 by BSCS and Videodiscovery, Inc. Permission granted for classroom use.
Master 1.6
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The Reward System
Copyright © 2000 by BSCS and Videodiscovery, Inc. Permission granted for classroom use.
Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse (1997) Mind Over Matter: The Brain’s Response to Drugs, Teacher’s Guide.
Master 1.7