Cultural Immersion Project-1

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Cultural Immersion Project: Research and Events 1 Cultural Immersion Project: Research and Events Jean Gilmore Liberty University

Cultural Immersion Project: Research and Events 2 Abstract Two of the most perplexing issues of our time that have attracted significant attention in our media outlets are "home" and "homeless." When facing homelessness, we face others, and when meeting others, we face ourselves. Homelessness is "the state of having no home." For those who are living in large cities, like me, it is simple to become anesthetized to the homeless issue. Almost daily, we see these individuals on the streets asking for change. Society accepts that a selected measure of homelessness is inevitable, but homelessness is not absolute. Most people have the conclusion that homelessness relates to mental health and substance use; however, this idea is not always the truth. For instance, homelessness can be caused by a lack of affordable housing, insufficient income, and, in certain circumstances, domestic violence. It is virtually impossible to seek employment or to achieve treatment for mental health, substance abuse, and addiction issues for those experiencing homelessness. Keywords : home, homelessness, poverty.

Cultural Immersion Project: Research and Events 3 Research Portion Common attitudes, beliefs, and values In our society, a perception of homeless people exists that creates a far-reaching selection of assumptions, many of which are incorrect. Such fallacies are hazardous and gravely disturb pursuits of aid to those in need. Over 150 million people worldwide are estimated to be homeless (Szcześniak et al., 2022). These negative impressions are often ingrained, and those helping believe the assumptions make people unwilling to help (Shay, 2022). A typical attitude is that homeless people are criminals. Stereotyping is one of the most significant harms as it formulates unreasonable fear of people experiencing homelessness. This issue discourages many people who might be willing to help others from doing so (Shay, 2022). Continual stereotyping prevents employment and affordable housing and makes it difficult for non-profit organizations to provide services due to objections from neighbors fearing for their safety (Shay, 2022). A second misconception is that homeless people have an addiction or are "mentally disturbed." Whether or not those psychologically troubled became mentally unstable as an aftereffect of suffering, viciousness, or other tensions caused by inadequate shelter is questionable, and no research is available to suggest otherwise (Shay, 2022). The notion that homeless people are dangerous creates anxiety and suggests that they should be hospitalized instead of helped. Although mental instability can produce failure in independent living, rather than be feared, it should be treated. The third and final misconception of the homeless population is that many are "addicts" or "drunks." Many of these are neither, although, in the United States, approximately half of the adult homeless population currently struggle with some form of addiction or have past addictions; many of them do not have any history of substance use (Shay, 2022).

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Cultural Immersion Project: Research and Events 4 Prominent customs, practices, and behaviors There is an excellent distinction between a house and a home. A house, by definition, is a building, whereas a home is a feeling of warmth, comfort, and often relief (Gillsjö & Schwartz- Barcott, 2010). A home connects people within the structure (Song et al., 2020). Although home is the place to experience love and safety, it can be a place of abuse, disrespect, and fear (Song et al., 2020). There is a higher incidence of severe illness and injury in the homeless population; for example, diabetes, heart attack, and high blood pressure are almost twice as frequent as in the general population; substance use is three times more frequent; and the prevalence of depression and hepatitis C is more than six times higher (Watts, 2021). Treating such conditions without stable housing is more problematic and causes significant health damage (Watts, 2021). Moreover, the homeless population's death rate is twice that of the general population (Watts, 2021). People experiencing homelessness seek primary care less frequently because they are uninsured and have experienced the stigma of many healthcare organizations, resulting in frequent emergency department use (Watts, 2021). Homeless individuals experience four times more hospitalizations than the general population (Lin et al., 2015). Attitudes or practices toward spirituality and religion. Devout rituals are any intended personal endeavor that engages with divine power (Marr & Silva, 2022). Devout practices may incorporate prayer, meditation, daily reflection, and spiritual rituals like attending church services (Marr & Silva, 2022). Spirituality plays a vital role in both our mental and physical well-being. Spirituality, for most, is a coping skill cited to be a source of strength, comfort, and often positivity in the face of adversity. Spirituality emphasizes the integration of the mind, body, and soul. Spirituality plays a role in our emotional and mental capacities to handle challenges and practice health-promoting mannerisms. Matthew 25:34-40

Cultural Immersion Project: Research and Events 5 shows us that when we show pity, compassion, and kindness to those in difficult straits, we practice the merciful attitude God expects each of His children to exhibit (Holy Bible, KJV). As the numbers continue to increase for individuals and families experiencing homelessness, the need for adequate care programs continues to rise. Homeless shelters offer various services, from hot showers and hygiene products to job training and mental health care; it is not uncommon for faith-based shelters to offer pastoral services (Lovett & Weisz, 2020). According to Szcześniak et al. (2022), we can determine that Christianity is not treated as a safeguard for addiction or suicidal thoughts. Although closely related, it is essential to acknowledge that piety and spirituality are complex and distinct constructs. Research indicates that spiritual and religious customs can encourage shifts out of homelessness (Marr & Silva, 2022). Specifically, individuals with substance use and other contributors to religious programs can, in certain circumstances, perform as a sober, transcendent community (Marr & Silva, 2022). Within these sober communities, people avoid criminal and unhealthy behavior, which leads to employment and housing referrals; they feel worthy of love and can cope with their depression and anger issues. (Marr & Silva, 2022). Inter-group and Intra-group characteristics. Some surveys center on integration processes and group dependency, particularly regarding bonding, while averting intergroup ties (Testoni et al., 2020). There is an unmistakable essence of group unity among alcoholic homeless individuals than people experiencing homelessness in general (Testoni et al., 2020). There are three stages identified when defining homelessness. The "Aspirant" progresses over the first year, when people identify as homeless and make constructive intragroup comparisons "based on their past achievements and the sensed probability of fleeing homelessness (Testoni et al., 2020).

Cultural Immersion Project: Research and Events 6 Health differences by age group in men and women (gender intra-group) HIV was more prevalent in homeless males in the 31–40 and 51–60 age groups than in the other age groups– 6.8% and 7.2%, compared to 3.9% in the 41–50 age group (Calvo et al., 2022). Hepatitis C had a higher prevalence in homeless women aged 51–60 than in the rest of the age groups-31.0%, and 15.4% in the 18–30 age group. No significant differences were found for HIV and TB (Calvo et al., 2022). During this research, Calvo et al. (2022) reported a more significant proportion of women than men committed suicide (42.7% vs. 18.7%) or died from AIDS (14.6%vs. 7.8%), and a more significant proportion of men than women died from overdose (18.1% vs. 2.4%). Historical and Current Oppression. Our society has failed its citizens who suffer from severe and persistent mental illness. Homelessness is one of the most apparent manifestations of this failure (Gorfido, 2020). The association between the lack of effective treatment, inadequate programs serving as Social Security Disability Insurance, and second-rate housing options form systemic barriers that prevent people who have mental illness from being able to obtain adequate housing (Gorfido, 2020). Mental health problems are associated with poverty, which can lead to homelessness. The most visible manifestation of failures in mental health policy and other areas of public policy is the homelessness problem among people with severe mental health issues. People experiencing mental health issues rely on Social Security Insurance and Social Security Disability Insurance for income, and the income received places the individual, at best, at the poverty line. In December 2019, the average monthly payment was $566 (Social Security Administration, 2020). Poverty-level income cannot support even modest housing. The average rent on an apartment equals 96% of the monthly Social Security Insurance payment (Gorfido, 2020). Since the 1960s, homelessness has been a national issue among the media, academia, and policymakers and a

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Cultural Immersion Project: Research and Events 7 historical social issue since the 1700s (Gorfido, 2020). Remedying the homeless issues focuses on explaining the causes and developing more competent prevention and intervention strategies. A discerning point in the debate is whether homelessness results from individual or structure- level factors (Gorfido, 2020). For example, is homelessness the aftermath of disability, such as substance use and poor decisions, or is it the consequence of more prominent systemic factors, such as insufficient affordable housing and employment opportunities (Gorfido, 2020)? Treatment approaches. Trauma exposure is a worldwide experience and does not discriminate against social status, race, gender, or ethnicity (Edgar et al., 2022). The struggle with homelessness is disturbing due to the deficiency of housing, security, solidity, and repeatedly, social support (Edgar et al., 2022). Therefore, homelessness can continue to re-stress and re-persecute the person. PTSD rates among people experiencing homelessness are twice that of the general population, ranging between 21 and 53% (Edgar et al., 2022). Individuals undergoing homelessness are at higher risk of poor overall health issues and increased rates of mortality (Edgar et al., 2022). Homeless individuals often mistrust healthcare providers, and specific barriers exist preventing treatment, including difficulties finding transportation, institutional rules banning homeless people, stigmatism, and access to no-cost medical services (Edgar et al., 2022). Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) is a brief, evidence-based therapy for those with one treatment option that attempts to place trauma within a narrative of the person’s life and is effective in reducing both PTSD and depressive symptoms in a range of settings and populations (Dix & Fornells‐Ambrojo, 2022). NET is established where admission to mental health assistance may be restricted (Dix & Fornells‐Ambrojo, 2022). Harm reduction and pharmaceutical intervention characterize critical advances to enable the care and treatment of

Cultural Immersion Project: Research and Events 8 those experiencing homelessness and simultaneous substance use disorders (Magwood et al., 2020). Harm reduction is a realistic avenue to reduce the adverse consequences of substance use (Magwood et al., 2020). Summary Three key impediments to adopting the harm reduction approach are resource duress, clinician burnout, and harm reduction orientation training (Lindenfeld et al., 2023). Studies have further produced information identifying three implementation facilitators, including ongoing training, team-based and interdisciplinary care, and connections with a more extensive healthcare system (Lindenfeld et al., 2023). While numerous impediments exist to systematizing harm- reduction-informed medical treatment, healthcare organizers can implement procedures to alleviate impediments, such as value-based repayment and integrated care models that concentrate on the full extent of client needs. However, the most critical portion of the harm reduction treatment plan is emphasizing the person-centered philosophy of meeting clients “where they are at” in relationship to their drug use. +

Cultural Immersion Project: Research and Events 9 References Calvo, F., Alfranca, R., Carbonell, X., Molina, E., & Font-Mayolas, S. (2022). The health of individuals experiencing homelessness: a 15-year retrospective cohort study. Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness , 1 (11), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/10530789.2022.2069404 Dix, J., & Fornells‐Ambrojo, M. (2022). Therapists’ experience of the lifeline in narrative exposure therapy. Journal of Traumatic Stress , 36 (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22886 Edgar, N. E., Bennett, A., Dunn, N. S., MacLean, S. E., & Hatcher, S. (2022). Feasibility and acceptability of Narrative Exposure Therapy to treat individuals with PTSD who are homeless or vulnerably housed: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Pilot and Feasibility Studies , 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-022-01043-x Farrington, A., & Robinson, W. P. (1999). Homelessness and strategies of identity maintenance: a participant observation study. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology , 9 (3), 175– 194. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1298(199905/06)9:3%3C175::aid-casp497%3E3.0.co;2-r Gorfido, A. (2020). Homeless and Helpless: How the United States has Failed Those With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness. Journal of Law and Health , 34 (1), 106–128. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33449457/ Holman Bible Publishers. The Holy Bible: NKJV New King James Version. Nashville, Tennessee, Holman Bible Publishers, 2016. Hobbs, M., Gills, L., Holman, K., Kraybill, k, & Orman, S. (1998, December). National Health Care for the Homeless Council | Quality. Access. Justice. Community . HCH Clinician’s Network. https://nhchc.org

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Cultural Immersion Project: Research and Events 10 Lovett, K. L., & Weisz, C. (2020). Religion and Recovery Among Individuals Experiencing Homelessness. Journal of Religion and Health , 60 (6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020- 01060-1 Magwood, O., Salvalaggio, G., Beder, M., Kendall, C., Kpade, V., Daghmach, W., Habonimana, G., Marshall, Z., Snyder, E., O’Shea, T., Lennox, R., Hsu, H., Tugwell, P., & Pottie, K. (2020). The effectiveness of substance use interventions for homeless and vulnerably housed persons: A systematic review of systematic reviews on supervised consumption facilities, managed alcohol programs, and pharmacological agents for opioid use disorder. PLOS ONE , 15 (1), e0227298. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227298 Marr, M. D., & Silva, N. M. da. (2022). Religion’s roles in community integration after homelessness: supportive housing residents’ uses of spiritual practices amid trauma, discrimination, and stigma. Housing Studies , 1 (22), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2022.2056154 Shay, K. (2022, October 19). Common Stereotypes and Misconceptions About Homeless People . Soapboxie. https://soapboxie.com/social-issues/homelessness-myths-misconceptions Social Security Administration. (2020, August). SSI Annual Statistical Report, 2019 . Social Security Administration. https://www.ssa.gov/ Song, M. J., Yu, L., & Enright, R. D. (2020). Trauma and healing in the underserved populations of homelessness and corrections: Forgiveness Therapy as an added component to intervention. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy , 28 (3). https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2531 Testoni, I., Russotto, S., Zamperini, A., Pompele, S., & De Leo, D. (2020). Neither God nor others: a qualitative study of strategies for avoiding suicide among homeless people. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , 42 (2), 171–178. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0012

Cultural Immersion Project: Research and Events 11 Watts, G. R. (2021). Homelessness Is an Ethical Issue in America. AMA Journal of Ethics , 23 (11), 835– 839. https://doi.org/10.1001/amajethics.2021.835

Cultural Immersion Project-1

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