Health Campaign Proposal

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Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi *

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Nov 24, 2024

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1 Health Campaign Proposal Student Name Tutors Name Institutional Affiliations Course Date

2 Health Campaign Proposal Table of Contents Step 1: Defining the Situation and Potential Benefits ............................... 3 Step 2: Analyzing and selecting a Target Audience ................................... 6 Step 3: Establishing Campaign Goals and Objectives ............................... 8 Step 4: Selecting Channels of Communication ............................................ 9 Step 5: Designing Campaign Messages ........................................................ 10 Step 6: Piloting and Implementing the Campaign .................................... 19 Step 7: Evaluating and Maintaining the Campaign .................................. 19

3 Step 1: Defining the Situation and Potential Benefits One of the most recent strains of the virus to cause sickness in humans is the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While research into the illness is ongoing, scientists now believe that it was first transmitted by animals before making its way to humans. People were infected by an animal at some time, and those affected humans spread the disease to other humans. Sneezing or coughing releases infectious air droplets, which are then breathed in and transferred from one person to the next. Humans may also get the virus if they come into contact with infected hands or surfaces and then touch their eyes, nose, or mouth. However, COVID-19 has now spread over the globe from China. According to Troiano & Nardi (2021) , a vaccine is an effective and dependable method of preventing virus epidemics and pandemics in the public health sector. The vaccination for Coronavirus illness (COVID-19) is, however, being met with widespread hesitancy. Expanding vaccine coverage to flatten the infection curve requires knowledge of vaccination-related behavior. Vaccination hesitancy among Somalis in Minneapolis, particularly at the mosque, is examined in this research because the mosque is a site where people are often packed and require vaccines since this poses a hazard to everyone in close proximity while praying. Sallam (2021) explains that governments scrambled to offer supportive care early in the epidemic since elderly persons and those with underlying health concerns were more vulnerable to severe disease. There were no established means of therapy. A lack of therapeutic options prompted governments to enact quarantines and lockdowns, limit travel, and adopt social distancing and mask-use regulations in an effort to slow the spread of the illness. A 'generation's Sputnik moment' was witnessed as prominent scientists and pharmaceutical firms hurried to create and carry out tests on vaccines via rigorous (albeit hurried) clinical studies in response to the demand for an efficient and effective cure for the virus ( Sallam, 2021). In spite of this urgency, it was not shared by all demographics. Conservative politicians have been known to spread misinformation and home cures via social media. Administrators of social media sites struggled to manage online health

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4 disinformation and misinformation that threatened to control the online conversation as an anti- vaccine movement galvanized and expanded. This complicated issue is context-specific and affected by variables such as confidence, convenience, and complacency on "vaccine hesitancy," which is explained as the delay in accepting or rejecting vaccination notwithstanding the availability of vaccination services. Parents' worries about vaccines stem from a variety of sources. As a result of their success, vaccines have become victims of their own triumph ( Rutten et al., 2021). A new source of anxiety is the possibility of adverse responses to the Covid vaccination, which some people claim might cause health issues. Rutten et al. (2021) explains that there is a correlation between when vaccinations are given and when an unfavorable health consequence of concern is discovered. Parental anxieties are exacerbated by a slew of other current difficulties. Institutional distrust is widespread in both the pharmaceutical industry and public health organizations that buy and promote vaccinations. The pharmaceutical–industrial complex has long been a source of concern for the general population. Some are calling for attempts to "green our vaccinations" because of a rising interest in natural goods among parents and the general public. The old paternalistic medical paradigm, in which pediatricians advise parents what to do in the best interest of their kid, is giving way to a more collaborative approach where parents and doctors work together to make health care decisions for their children. As the Internet has grown in popularity, vaccination harm claims have been swiftly disseminated around the globe. There is hope that the COVID-19 pandemic may be contained by the development of safe and efficient vaccinations. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the majority of Americans are either reluctant or outright refuse to get vaccinated. The public's health is jeopardized by vaccine apprehension and rejection, which jeopardizes the development of communal also known as "hard" immunity ( Rutten et al., 2021). Vax hesitation and rejection are complicated issues with many facets. All of these occurrences are unique to certain racial and ethnic groupings, geographical regions, political parties, and a slew of other elements. Many people's

5 vaccine skepticism and rejection have been fueled in part by the widespread misinformation and deception concerning COVID-19. Misinformation regarding vaccinations is difficult to dispel, especially among the general public. Numerous members of the Somali community expressed a desire to have their COVID inoculation as soon as possible. However, there is a large minority of Muslims who are anti-vaccine. Key distinctions across communities reflect those seen in the general population of the United States. The importance of fostering trust, educating certain populations, and doing further research cannot be overstated. Moreover, one-third of the Somali community and the general populace who took part in our survey said they planned to acquire the COVID vaccination as soon as possible (35 percent and 32 percent) ( Sallam, 2021). Some Muslims may have been eager to be vaccinated since one in ten is medical personnel who helped respond to the COVID outbreak. According to Neggaz (2021) Somali Muslims were less likely than the general population (13 percent vs. 30 percent) to have had at least one vaccination as of March 22 – April 8, 2021, when the poll was conducted. In part, this may be attributed to the youth of the Somali community. Further, Neggaz (2021) reveals that 41% of the Somali community are under the age of 30, and 81% are under the age of 50. Younger individuals were not yet eligible to participate in the study by Neggaz (2021) when it was conducted. In fact, Neggaz (2021) discovered that Muslims between the ages of 18 and 29 were less likely than older Muslims to have had at least one vaccination at the time of the study (March-April 2021). Muslims were twice as likely to obtain their first vaccination than non- Muslims who knew someone who had died with COVID (and were thus eligible at the time) (19 percent versus 10 percent) (Neggaz, 2021). People who have suffered the consequences of contracting COVID may have been more motivated to vaccinate both themselves and others. Some Muslims were eager to be vaccinated, but a significant number voiced apprehension about the process (Neggaz, 2021). According to Neggaz (2021), more Muslims than non-Muslims said they would only receive the vaccination if they were forced to (25 percent vs. 18 percent), wait to see whether it works for others (11 percent versus 7 percent), and claim they would never be

6 vaccinated (25 percent against 18 percent) (17 percent versus 13 percent) (Neggaz, 2021). It's possible that the institutional prejudice Muslims confront in the healthcare system contributes to their reticence. According to the ISPU's American Muslim Poll, a complete one-quarter of Muslims have encountered prejudice in the healthcare system, on top of the 60 percent of Muslims who have seen religious discrimination in the last year. In contrast to those who had never tested positive for COVID, Muslims who had previously tested positive for the virus were less inclined to adopt a wait- and-see attitude (17 percent versus 28 percent) ( Machingaidze & Wiysonge, 2021). Once too, it's possible that the COVID experience lowered the reluctance. Step 2: Analyzing and selecting a Target Audience My health program would target minorities in the United States, such as blacks, Hispanics, and Muslims. As a result of the high concentration of Somalis in Minneapolis and the threat they pose to one another while praying, the mosque congregation provides a good representative sample of my target group. The Somali community in Minneapolis is the biggest in North America. Around 52,000 Somalis in Minneapolis lived in a neighborhood where vaccination demand was low, and vaccine hesitancy was a big issue when COVID-19 vaccines were widely accessible to the general public in early 2021 ( Machingaidze & Wiysonge, 2021). Many Somalis were confined to their homes at this period and could not speak English. Misinformation and deception proliferate swiftly because of their lack of access to vaccination facts and resources. There was a strong correlation between vaccination hesitation in this group and the belief that the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine is associated with autism. There has been a large disparity in the number of cases, fatalities, and economic losses in Black and African American communities throughout the United States as a result of COVID-19 ( Dror et al., 2020). According to Dror et al. (2020), it is imperative that the pandemic and its unequal impacts on vulnerable people be mitigated by immunization since COVID-19 is highly contagious and pervasive. Vaccination rates among Somali community members in the United States are lower than

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7 those of other ethnic and racial groups, despite the availability of highly effective vaccinations. This chasm is accompanied by two sorts of barriers: access and hesitation. Dror et al. (2020) further acknowledges that the use of vaccinations is hampered in vulnerable groups by obstacles to access, such as long distances between immunization locations, lack of transportation, and rigid work schedules. It has been over two decades since vaccine hesitancy was described as "delaying or refusing to accept or use immunizations notwithstanding their availability." Discussing COVID-19 vaccinations has focused on racial and ethnic populations with significant vaccination reluctance rates. Lucia et al. (2021) explains that people in the US, especially those from disadvantaged racial and ethnic groups, are more reluctant than the general population to get the COVID-19 vaccination. Any focus on the Somali community's hesitation as the fundamental obstacle to immunization would be an error, we believe. Initially, the degree of resistance among this population may be greater, but there are reasons to believe that the Somali community will embrace COVID-19 vaccinations more rapidly than other cultures. There has been a noticeable increase in the number of Somalis in the United States who are hesitant to be vaccinated. Although virus-related conspiracy theories have also been linked to vaccination reluctance, they are not the primary reason for avoiding the COVID-19 vaccine. Lucia et al. (2021) acknowledges that even after adjusting for opinions that vaccinations are vital, safe, and effective, the incidence of vaccine hesitancy was greater than Somalis Americans in Minneapolis. Mistrust of vaccines is exacerbated in the US Somali community by historical and institutional prejudice. Lucia et al. (2021) argues that the use of Henrietta Lacks' cancer cells without her consent and the Tuskegee syphilis research gives the essential background for understanding the vaccination hesitation of the Somali community. Distrust in medical practitioners and researchers grows as a result of daily contact with systemic racism in the health care industry. As a result, the Somali population in the United States is aware that poor health outcomes may be attributed to a lack of access to proper health care. All of these variables combine to explain the reluctance of

8 Somalis to get the COVID-19 vaccine. It's possible that Black people's views on COVID-19 immunization might quickly shift in the face of opposing influences. As a result of this, the Somali community has a strong desire to protect itself from medical negligence and discriminatory treatment, as well as a deep distrust of research and biological institutions, by ensuring that its members have access to the data and care they need to stay healthy and prevent health inequities across the entire society. Many attempts are being made to educate the Somali community about health issues, find reliable health providers and foster confidence in their advice. Streuli et al. (2021) explains that this reflects a strong desire to safeguard one's family and one's community among the Somalis living in the United States. Even if Somali community members' initial skepticism of novel or experimental vaccinations may be linked to their desire to protect their communities from bad health outcomes, the same motivation might push them to be vaccinated after vaccines are deemed safe, effective, and required. Accordint to Clark et al. (2022), for many Minneapolis Somalis, religion, family, and community are the most important aspects of their lives. MHD collaborated with Somali faith-based, medical, and community groups to urge their members to acquire COVID-19 immunizations, which resulted in an increase in vaccination rates in this demographic. The Somali community responds well to a faith-based approach. Clark et al. (2022) explains that this approach should be taken into consideration by health agencies working with Somali and other Muslim populations. MHD was able to increase the number of Somalis vaccinated against COVID-19 because of a close partnership with specialists from the Minneapolis Department of Health. With the help of imams (Muslim leaders) and Somali physicians, these organizations were able to educate and vaccinate individuals in their own homes. Step 3: Establishing Campaign Goals and Objectives My goal will be to be divided into three short, mid-term, and long-term objectives. My short- term objective is to create public awareness of the healthcare campaign promotion. Misinformation

9 about vaccines is a problem on social media platforms like Instagram, Facebook, WhatsApp, and Twitter that cater to a broader demographic. Ion creating the awareness, short videos are part of the campaign, and they will highlight the beneficial effects of the worldwide vaccination rollout, such as lowering hospitalizations, saving lives, as well as relieving the workload of frontline healthcare personnel by highlighting real-life facts regarding the COVID-19 vaccines. Advertisements on television and social media are part of the vaccination efforts, which aim to increase public awareness about the COVID-19 vaccine and the need for mass vaccinations in coronavirus prevention. A lack of vaccination campaign coverage at the beginning of vaccine availability allowed for increased vaccination hesitancy among the population, especially minority groups. However, due to increased media attention, more people are aware of the situation. My mid-term outcomes will aim to change people's attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions on vaccines. One of the main reasons that covid-19 vaccination hesitancy has been the many myths spread in society about its effects. A lot of misinformation has been spread about vaccinations and their development. It's critical to distinguish between myths and realities while considering whether or not to receive the vaccination. To counter and change the Somali Muslim community in Minneapolis, it will be very important to address the myths that have been centered in the location. My long-term outcomes are to have behavioral changes and health improvements in the future among this population. This outcome will be mainly be centered on the success of the mid- term outcomes. Once the myths have been demystified in the mid-term objectives, the population will be more conformable since they will have a first had to experience, especially those among their community that would have taken the vaccine and experienced its positivity. The members of the community with first-hand experiences will be used as the heath campaigns goodwill ambassador. Step 4: Selecting Channels of Communication To communicate with my target audience, Imam, who is very trusted within these communities, will lead the conversations both in-person and online. Somali Americans will be

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10 encouraged to be vaccinated by the trusted local religious leaders working with my healthcare promotion program. To stay in touch with their loved ones and neighbors, as well as their mosque, Somalis in Minneapolis depended on the internet throughout the epidemic. Furthermore, many of them were illiterate when they arrived. Imams communicated will Somali and English with their congregations using e-newsletters, social media, their mosque websites, and Somali TV Minneapolis to urge Muslims to get immunized in this new context. The Imam will post images of their vaccinations on their mosque's websites, as well as on WhatsApp, Facebook, and YouTube, documenting and educating others about the need for vaccinations. According to Nicholson et al. (2021), the community trusts the imams more than maybe anybody else. No one else has a platform like theirs, whether it be on social media or in a mosque. As part of the Somali Medical Association of America's virtual live question-and-answer sessions on social media programs, the Imam will answer callers' questions and concerns concerning the COVID- 19 vaccinations. Furthermore, contrary to popular belief, the COVID-19 vaccination does not cause infertility in women, which was a major concern for several Muslims who were considering taking the shot during the holy month of Ramadan. To address inaccuracies and misunderstandings regarding the COVID-19 vaccinations, the Imam will be host a virtual live call-in session discussing the vaccines. Imams will urge their followers to get vaccinated as Friday prayers resume mosques. Imams will urge the Minneapolis Health Department to host its vaccination clinics at the mosques to boost accessibility and build community trust. On top of all that, the Imams will use their platform to dispel other urban legends floating around: that the vaccinations cause infertility in women, induce infertility in women, or are part of a government plan to limit population. Tankwanchi et al. (2021). Explains that these rumors are completely false. According to Tankwanchi et al. (2021), in all likelihood, there will be more vaccination campaigns organized by the Imams. Their mosques will be hosting vaccination activities in the near future.

11 Step 5: Designing Campaign Messages Motivating and encouraging will be the tone of my campaign's voice. For instance, I am more likely to recruit participation if I believe in this organization and demonstrate enthusiasm for making it more accessible to my intended demographic. Motivating others may be as simple as demonstrating how much I love what I do and how excited I am about what I do. It will give them hope for a better future for their children, which some people may not perceive as a possibility. With this in mind, I will craft my pitch such that it resonates with Somali American families by emphasizing that there are a variety of vaccination alternatives. In order to make the campaign a viable choice for all Somali American families, I will organize it in such a manner that no one will be left out. My healthcare program will be based on the collaborative interpretation model. Patient empowerment and health professionals acting as friends or counselors who work together to achieve common goals are central to their collaborative interpretation (CI) theory of effective health communication. It will need the united efforts of all those involved to bring about this shift in linguistic use. A health care system that fails because individuals are afraid to tell their stories or play an active interest in healthcare transactions will fail (Schot et al., 2020). It will not work as long as healthcare providers feel they are in the greatest position to know what is best for their patients. The collaborative interpretation model helps clients and clinicians to establish mutually advantageous aims and to collaborate in order to achieve those goals. The Collaborative Care Model will be implemented with a joint team of Imams and other health care professionals who will administer the vaccines and help in collecting the data. Care Provided by a Multidisciplinary Group Focused on the Patient. My health care program will integrate patient objectives into shared care plans, helping primary care and mental health clinicians work together more efficiently. Patients feel more at ease when they can get both medical and mental health treatment at the same site. Patient satisfaction and health outcomes are often enhanced when patients are more actively involved in their treatment. Imams will give caseload-focused

12 consulting, not simply ad hoc assistance, as practices keep track of and reach out to members of the society who have not agreed to leave the vaccine hesitancy behavior. My health care program plan includes specific objectives and expected results, which are assessed on a regular basis using scientifically validated instruments. As one of the few fully integrated care approaches, the Collaborative Care Model utilization in this program will have a considerable body of data to support its efficacy. Transcript: The actual message to be delivered will be in the form of answering most asked questions in gatherings, location radio stations, and social media platforms. In social media platforms and community gatherings, Imam will be in charge of offering the communication as it is intended to the Somali Muslim community. The message will be accompanied by visuals in the form of charts a SmartScreen for the visually imparted. The actual message is transcribed below; Should people be vaccinated against covid-19? As the virus responsible for COVID-19 spreads, so does the danger of contracting and transmitting it. Vaccines may also help protect people from life-threatening diseases and even death. What vaccinations are available to protect you against covid-19? World Health Organization has approved the use of various COVID-19 vaccines. Whether a product can be recommended for use in low- and middle-income countries is based on all the available facts on safety and effectiveness and its appropriateness. To guarantee that vaccines satisfy the required criteria for safety, quality, and effectiveness, clinical trial data as well as quality and manufacturing control techniques are used. The evaluation takes into account both the danger presented by the emergency and the benefit that would result from the product's usage, as well as any possible dangers. Emergency use authorizations may be issued for any medical product, subject only to national restrictions and legislation. Benefits of vaccination

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13 Your life might be saved by being vaccinated. COVID-19 vaccinations are very effective in preventing major diseases, hospitalizations, and subsequent deaths. When it comes to protecting yourself and others, there is some evidence that getting the vaccination will reduce your risk of passing the illness on to others. Even after becoming vaccinated, you should take care to keep yourself, your loved ones, and others safe. Although COVID-19 vaccinations are very successful, a small number of patients will still get the disease after receiving the vaccine. Even if you are vaccinated, there remains a danger that you might infect individuals who are not. Who needs to get vaccinated? Those who are most at risk of contracting COVID-19 be vaccinated first. Some of the most at- risk individuals include the elderly and those with preexisting health concerns, as well as those who are more exposed to the virus and suffer a more severe illness if infected, such as health workers. A greater risk of severe illness and premature delivery is associated with COVID-19 infection in pregnant women; hence my campaign advises that pregnant women should be vaccinated as soon as the first priority groups have been immunized. Further, any member of the population should be vaccinated since in-state vaccines are accessible to those who are not considered priority groups. Side effects of not being vaccinated Not being vaccinated increases the chances of obtaining COVID-19, and passing COVID-19 to someone else are two of the primary negative effects of this. Having COVID-19 raises your chance of illness and death. Unvaccinated individuals shed off the virus more as compared to the unvaccinated making the valuable members of the society (the elderly and those with underlying conditions) at increased risk of contracting and subsequent death. Unvaccinated persons are much more likely to suffer from COVID-related adverse effects than vaccinated people are to suffer from blood clots. Even if you wouldn't die from acquiring COVID, your chances of getting a blood clot are increased by around one in a million. Developing COVID also raises your chances of getting a blood clot even if you don't die. Should you be vaccinated if you get covid?

14 Yes. There would be no harm in being vaccinated, even if an individual got COVID-19. The degree of protection provided by COVID-19 varies widely from one individual to the next. After a natural illness, people's immunity is consistently quite robust when they are vaccinated. The longer individual waits to get a vaccine after having the infection, the better their chances are of being protected. It's not clear how long an individual should wait to be vaccinated after having the infection since there is presently no conclusive proof. Natural infection provides some protection against infection. Thus those with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection may defer immunization for six months. Find out what to do from your doctor. Can the vaccines stop the pandemic? In order to combat the pandemic, COVID-19 vaccinations are an essential instrument, but they cannot accomplish it on their own. In order to stop the spread of the virus, it is critical to implement social and public health measures like contact tracing, surveillance, personal protective and isolation behaviors like keeping social distance, putting on a mask correctly, avoiding congested places with poor ventilation, staying at home if you are ill, and washing your hands frequently. Many variables will influence the pandemic effect of COVID-19 vaccinations. The vaccines' efficiency; how fast they are authorized, produced, and supplied; the possibility of additional versions; and the number of individuals who are vaccinated are all factors that need to be taken into consideration. What is the difference between Natural immunity vs. vaccine immunity? It is not yet clear how long a person infected and a person vaccinated against COVID-19 will continue to offer immunity after exposure to the virus. However, the kind of response that occurs following illness differs from person to person, and as a result, it is less dependable than the form of resilience that occurs after vaccination. This is an area of study that scientists are working hard to comprehend better. Milliards of individuals have received the safe administration of COVID-19 vaccinations approved by the WHO. Getting vaccinated against COVID-19 is a far better option than putting yourself in danger. As soon as you are eligible, get vaccinated and continue to take precautions to keep yourself and others safe.

15 How is vaccination against covid related to the cost of medication? Effective vaccination programs for Covid might have significant economic benefits. An 80 percent vaccine uptake in the USA might save 75% of hospitalizations and 60 % of fatalities, according to Tankwanchi et al. (2021). Implementing vaccines might save the health care system money in the first few years, as they would reduce Covid-19 treatment expenses. How does the Covid vaccine work with new variants? COVID-19 vaccinations are very successful at avoiding severe disease, hospitalization, and death from all existing viral types. While they are not as efficient as they were for previous virus variations in preventing infection and mild sickness, the symptoms experienced when individuals become sick after vaccination are more likely to be mild. We need to keep in mind that although the WHO-approved COVID-19 vaccinations are very efficient in decreasing our chance of suffering severe illness or death, there is no vaccine that is 100% effective. Even if a person has been vaccinated against COVID-19, they may still get unwell. When it comes to the danger of vaccinated persons transmitting the virus to others, there is currently no reliable data. Since this is the case, it is critical that you maintain social and public health precautions even after you have received your final dose of vaccine. Are covid -19 vaccines safe? Covid vaccines are safe for the public. As with other vaccinations, they have been subjected to the same rigorous Food and Drug Administration testing as other vaccines. There were no shortcuts taken. When it comes to the creation of vaccinations, we can instead appreciate the unparalleled international cooperation and investment. This vaccine's clinical studies and safety evaluations took roughly the same length of time as those for similar products from other companies. In addition to the vaccination itself, the COVID-19 vaccine has a built-in tracking mechanism. Another urban legend spread by word of mouth and social media is that the covid -19 vaccination is dangerous and may cause serious responses like anaphylaxis. Is COVID-19 vaccination responsible for female infertility?

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16 It has been reported that social media misinformation implies that vaccinations cause infertility in women by training the body to fight a placental protein called syncytin-1. Although the spike protein and placental protein have an amino acid sequence, researchers think it's too short to elicit an immune response and so does not impact fertility. What are some of the side effects of the covid vaccine? Like any vaccination, those who get the COVID-19 vaccine may have mild to severe adverse effects. As the body begins to build its own defenses, this is a natural symptom of this process. Fever, diarrhea, headache, fatigue, chills, muscular discomfort, and pain or redness at the injection site are all possible side effects of the COVID-19 vaccination. Some people may not be bothered by the negative effects. COVID-19 vaccination adverse effects that are more significant or long-lasting are exceedingly uncommon. As soon as you notice any of these symptoms after receiving your vaccination, make an appointment with a medical professional right once. As long as vaccines are used, they are constantly checked for any possible adverse reactions. Call to action From this analysis, it is clear that prevention is better and cheaper than cure; as such, I call out for all of you to come and receive covid-19 vaccinations so that we can have a healthier society and save our loved ones. Vaccines in Minneapolis are accessible, free, and available in all health centers, designated vaccine points, and in major religious settings like churches and mosques. As such, the self-efficacy of the vaccination program is assured. Social implications of increased community vaccine intake With increased vaccinations within the community, many people will not contract the virus, or if they contract the virus, they will not need hospitalization because the symptoms will be mild. This will reduce the pressure on our health facilities and healthcare practicians. They will be able to focus on more server cases and other chronic diseases that would otherwise receive little attention. This includes diabetes, cancer, and other diseases. The impact of covid vaccinations goes beyond just covid-19 but stretches all over the healthcare sector.

17 PSA Checklist 1. Does the PSA clearly state what people should or should not do? If so, what behavior is encouraged/discouraged? The PSA clearly states that people should be vaccinated, and the behavior is encouraged. 2. Does the PSA explain that people will be adversely affected if they do not adopt the desired behavior? If so, how? The PSA explains an individual's life might be saved by being vaccinated. COVID-19 vaccinations are very effective in preventing major diseases, hospitalizations, and death. When it comes to protecting yourself and others, there is some evidence that getting the vaccination will reduce your risk of passing the illness on to others. 3. Does the PSA establish that adverse effects will be considerable if people do not heed the advice? If so, how? The adverse effects are highlighted in the PSA clearly. Not being vaccinated increases the chances of obtaining COVID-19, and passing COVID-19 to someone else are two of the primary negative effects of this. Having COVID-19 raises your chance of illness and death. Unvaccinated individuals shed off the virus more as compared to the unvaccinated making the valuable members of the society (the elderly and those with underlying conditions) at increased risk of contracting and subsequent death. 4. Does the PSA establish that adopting the recommended behavior will be effective in preventing the adverse outcome? If so, how? The PSA establishes that adopting vaccination behavior will be effective in preventing adverse outcomes since COVID-19 vaccinations are very effective in preventing major disease, hospitalizations, and death. When it comes to protecting yourself and others, there is some evidence that getting the vaccination will reduce your risk of passing the illness on to others.

18 5. Does the PSA establish that the effort and cost of adopting the advocated behavior are worthwhile? If so, how? PSA established that the effects and cost of adopting covid vaccinations are worthwhile since an effective vaccination program for Covid might have significant economic benefits. An 80 percent vaccine uptake in the USA might save 75% of hospitalizations and 60 % of fatalities (Tenforde et al., 2021). Implementing vaccines might save the health care system money in the first few years, as they would reduce Covid-19 treatment expenses. 6. Is there a specific call to action? If so, what is it? There is a clear call to action that all people come out and receive covid-19 vaccinations so that we can have a healthier society and save our loved ones. 7. Does the PSA refer to the social implications of adopting/failing to adopt the recommended behavior? If so, how? The social implications of the change in vaccine uptake behavior were identified as to be that with increased vaccinations within the community, many people will not contract the virus or if they contract the virus, they will not need hospitalization because the symptoms will be mild. This will reduce the pressure on our health facilities and healthcare practicians. 8. Does the PSA establish that positive outcomes are possible? If so, how? The PSA established a more positive outcome to be that covid vaccination change in behavior would extend beyond only the disease. The Healthcare sector and its practitioners will be able to focus on more server cases and other chronic diseases that would otherwise receive little attention. This includes diabetes, cancer, and other diseases. The impact of covid vaccinations goes beyond just covid-19 but stretches all over the healthcare sector. 9. Does the PSA address self-efficacy? If so, how?

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19 PSA addresses self-efficacy in vaccines uptake in Minneapolis since vaccines are accessible, free, and available in all health centers, designated vaccine points, and in major religious settings like churches and mosques. As such, the self-efficacy of the vaccination program is assured. Getting vaccinated against COVID-19 is a far better option than putting yourself in danger. As soon as you are eligible, get vaccinated and continue to take precautions to keep yourself and others safe. 10. Do you believe the PSA is effective? Why? Why not? The PSA is effective since it has addressed the issue of covid-19 vaccinations in an in-depth manner, ensuring it addresses all the issues ranging from the moths, importance, and most asked questions with regards to the report. 11. How could you rewrite the message to make it more effective? The message could be rewritten better by offering more real-life examples from the Somali Community so that the people could relate more and not just trust the Imam only. Step 6: Piloting and Implementing the Campaign My campaign will be based on a well-defined plan and on a methodical approach to achieving my objectives. I want to achieve my goals by putting in the necessary work. With this knowledge, I will be better able to carry out my campaign and achieve my goals. I'll know whether this effort was successful if their membership grows. In order to promote vaccination, I will team up with reputable organizations leaders like Imams. The Imam would lead the campaigns in mosques, social media, and on local radio stations. Many individuals, particularly the elderly, will not participate in virtual sessions because they lack computer and internet access or are unable to travel to immunization locations. I will team with volunteers to visit residents of the city's public housing, many of whom were Somalis, in their homes. The Imam will respond to residents' inquiries and concerns, and nurses administer vaccinations to those who readily accept in the designated vaccination centers.

20 The public health campaign is designed and distributes culturally relevant communications in the English language. An additional collection of 30-second video snippets will also be shared by the Imam to explain to viewers why they vaccinated themselves. Increasing the number of Minneapolis Somalis vaccinated against COVID-19 is credited to the hard effort of a broad, collaborative team, and they are in need to ensure flexibility. There are always new methods for us to engage the community as the world around us changes. The Imam will continue to share information and advice on covid vaccination on a regular basis, especially during in-person gatherings. Step 7: Evaluating and Maintaining the Campaign My campaign's effect may be amplified with regular monitoring and assessment. With a solid proof basis, you can convince decision-makers that the policies you advocate are bettering people's lives and, therefore, bolstering your campaign. After a campaign, it may be immensely beneficial to keep the pressure on and monitor how any policy pledges are implemented and if the intended change has a genuine impact on people's lives. Monitoring and evaluation are also critical for promoting larger social learning, which may affect future initiatives and strategies. If an individual is going to evaluate a campaign, it's important for you to think about the individuals who will truly benefit from the campaign and how you'll know whether your campaign has accomplished its aim. In doing this, based on my SMART goals, instated earlier, the determinates of the success will be simple. To check if there is an increase in uptake of the vaccine among the target population. In evaluating this objective, daily data from the local health department will be analyzed to assert whether there is an increase or not after the campaign is launched and its activities in providing awareness. Weekly team meetings will be undertaken either face to face or online together with the active Imam to analyze the data and see the progress. The weekly meetings will also serve to ensure there is a continuation of the program and the intensity is maintained.

21 References Clark, S. E., Bledsoe, M. C., & Harrison, C. J. (2022). The role of social media in promoting vaccine hesitancy. Current opinion in pediatrics , 34 (2), 156-162. Dror, A. A., Eisenbach, N., Taiber, S., Morozov, N. G., Mizrachi, M., Zigron, A., ... & Sela, E. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy: the next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. European journal of epidemiology , 35 (8), 775-779. Lucia, V. C., Kelekar, A., & Afonso, N. M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among medical students. Journal of Public Health , 43 (3), 445-449. Machingaidze, S., & Wiysonge, C. S. (2021). Understanding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Nature Medicine , 27 (8), 1338-1339. Neggaz, M. (2021, December 20). Vaccine uptake and hesitancy among American Muslims . Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. https://www.ispu.org/vaccine-uptake-and-hesitancy/ Nicholson, A., Minicucci, C., Liao, J., & National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2021, April). A Systems Approach to Increasing Vaccine Confidence and Uptake: Opportunities for Community-Based Strategies. In The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop . National Academies Press (US).

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22 Rutten, L. J. F., Zhu, X., Leppin, A. L., Ridgeway, J. L., Swift, M. D., Griffin, J. M., ... & Jacobson, R. M. (2021, March). Evidence-based strategies for clinical organizations to address COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings (Vol. 96, No. 3, pp. 699-707). Elsevier. Sallam, M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: a concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines , 9 (2), 160. Schot, E., Tummers, L., & Noordegraaf, M. (2020). Working on working together. A systematic review on how healthcare professionals contribute to interprofessional collaboration. Journal of interprofessional care , 34 (3), 332-342. Streuli, S., Ibrahim, N., Mohamed, A., Sharma, M., Esmailian, M., Sezan, I., ... & Bhavnani, S. P. (2021). Development of a culturally and linguistically sensitive virtual reality educational platform to improve vaccine acceptance within a refugee population: the SHIFA community engagement-public health innovation programme. BMJ open , 11 (9), e051184. Tankwanchi, A. S., Bowman, B., Garrison, M., Larson, H., & Wiysonge, C. S. (2021). Vaccine hesitancy in migrant communities: a rapid review of latest evidence. Current Opinion in Immunology , 71 , 62-68. Tenforde, M. W., Self, W. H., Adams, K., Gaglani, M., Ginde, A. A., McNeal, T., ... & Patel, M. M. (2021). Association between mRNA vaccination and COVID-19 hospitalization and disease severity. Jama , 326 (20), 2043-2054. Troiano, G., & Nardi, A. (2021). Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19. Public health , 194 , 245- 251.

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