Argument Research Paper Outline Worksheet (1)
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Outline for Argumentative Research Paper # 2
Surrogate Pregnancy: Should it be used on-demand or due to Health Problems?
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Surrogate Pregnancy: Should it be used on-demand or due to Health Problems?
I.
Intro:
In a world where surrogacy is easily available on-demand, a critical question surfaces:
Does this signify a forward leap in the realm of reproductive freedom or a potential labyrinth of
ethical dilemmas? This thought-provoking question lays the foundation for a multifaceted and
indispensable discourse. Surrogacy, the practice of a woman carrying and delivering a child on
behalf of another, has gained increasing popularity (Goli et al., 2019). However, with its rise
come intricate legal, ethical, and health-related dilemmas that demand careful consideration. This
paper explores the fundamental question of whether surrogate pregnancy should be easily
accessible on-demand or primarily reserved for cases of medical necessity. The argument put
forth is that surrogate pregnancy should primarily serve cases of medical necessity, prioritizing
the well-being of all parties involved while acknowledging the intricacies of on-demand
surrogacy. Achieving a balance between reproductive freedom and ethical and health
considerations is central to this discussion. To unravel the layers of this argument, it is crucial to
understand the multifaceted nature of surrogacy, encompassing health concerns, ethical
complexities, and, most importantly, the welfare of the child (Berk, 2020). This paper supports
the thesis through evidence-based reasoning, emphasizing the potential health risks faced by
surrogate mothers, the ethical dilemmas inherent in on-demand surrogacy, and the paramount
importance of child welfare in surrogacy arrangements. Nonetheless, the choice we make in this
debate will have profound consequences, shaping the future landscape of reproductive freedom
and ethical practices in assisted reproduction. Envisioning a world where surrogacy is
responsibly regulated, prioritizing the health and well-being of all involved parties, stands in
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stark contrast to one where unrestricted on-demand surrogacy could lead to exploitation and
ethical dilemmas, jeopardizing the welfare of surrogate mothers and children.
a.
Hook:
Imagine a world where surrogacy is accessible on-demand. Is this a progressive step
towards reproductive freedom or a potential ethical minefield? This provocative question sets the
stage for the debate surrounding the use of surrogacy.
b.
Background information:
Surrogacy, a reproductive arrangement where a woman carries and delivers a child for
another individual or couple, has become increasingly prevalent in recent years. This practice
emerges as a response to various reproductive challenges and desires, enabling individuals or
couples to have children when traditional means are not feasible (Piersanti et al., 2021).
However, the surging popularity of surrogacy is accompanied by a web of legal and ethical
intricacies. It raises profound questions about the rights and well-being of surrogate mothers, the
interests of intended parents, and, most importantly, the welfare of the child born through this
arrangement (Patel et al., 2018). In light of these complexities, this paper contends that surrogate
pregnancy should primarily be reserved for cases of medical necessity, safeguarding the physical
and emotional health of all parties involved, while recognizing the intricate ethical landscape
surrounding on-demand surrogacy.
c.
Thesis:
This paper argues that surrogate pregnancy should primarily be reserved for cases of
medical necessity, ensuring the well-being of all parties involved, while acknowledging the
complexities of on-demand surrogacy. Balancing reproductive freedom with ethical and health
considerations is crucial in this debate.
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II.
Develop Your Argument:
a.
Reason 1:
Health Considerations
i.
Evidence 1a:
Surrogate mothers often face physical and emotional
challenges, as highlighted by Berk (2020). This evidence underscores that
surrogate pregnancy can take a toll on their health, emphasizing the
importance of considering their well-being.
ii.
Evidence 1b
: Medical screening and supervision are paramount to
safeguard the health of surrogate mothers, as advocated by Cui et al.
(2016). Neglecting these aspects can have severe consequences. Such
evidence supports the thesis by suggesting that medical necessity-based
surrogacy provides a framework for comprehensive health monitoring.
iii.
Evidence 1c:
The emotional well-being of surrogate mothers is a
significant concern, as demonstrated in the study by Goli et al. (2019).
Emotional stress can have lasting effects on their lives. This underscores
the importance of considering the emotional health of surrogate mothers in
surrogacy arrangements, aligning with the thesis that surrogacy should
prioritize the well-being of all parties involved
b.
Reason 2:
Ethical Concerns
i.
Evidence 2a:
On-demand surrogacy raises the potential for
exploitation. Bromfield and Rotabi (2014) explored the ethical
implications of commodifying surrogacy, raising concerns about the
exploitation of vulnerable parties. This evidence aligns with the thesis by
highlighting the ethical dilemmas associated with on-demand surrogacy.
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ii.
Evidence 2b:
The ethical and legal gray areas in surrogacy demand
attention, as noted by Piersanti et al. (2021). Ideally, unregulated
surrogacy can lead to unforeseen consequences and ethical challenges;
supporting the notion that ethical and legal considerations are essential in
surrogacy, particularly in cases of medical necessity.
iii.
Evidence 2c:
The attitudes of medical professionals are crucial in
ensuring ethical surrogacy, as revealed by Stenfelt et al. (2018). Their
involvement in ethical decision-making is essential. The inference for this
is that the ethical conduct of surrogacy is influenced by the attitudes and
participation of healthcare providers, aligning with the argument that
ethical surrogacy should be a priority.
c.
Reason 3:
Child Welfare
i.
Evidence 3a
: Surrogacy should prioritize the welfare of the child,
as emphasized by Joseph et al. (2018). Placing the child's interests at the
forefront is a moral imperative. Placing the child's interests at the forefront
is essential, aligning with the thesis that surrogacy should primarily serve
cases of medical necessity, where child well-being can be better ensured.
ii.
Evidence 3b:
Potential complications in on-demand surrogacy
must be addressed, and ignoring these complexities can jeopardize the
well-being of the child, as highlighted by Patel et al. (2018). This evidence
supports the thesis by suggesting that on-demand surrogacy, without
proper regulation and attention to potential complications, can pose risks
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to the well-being of the child, making medical necessity a more suitable
criterion for surrogacy.
iii.
Evidence 3c:
Acknowledging children’s psychological and
emotional stability. Liamzon et al. (2021) conducted a discourse analysis
among Filipinos who have struggled with infertility, emphasizing the
importance of considering the child's psychological and emotional well-
being in surrogacy arrangements. This further underscores the need for
surrogacy to prioritize the child's mental health, which is more likely to be
ensured in cases of medical necessity rather than on-demand surrogacy.
III.
Refuting Opponents’ Arguments:
a.
Opposing view 1:
Advocacy for On-Demand Surrogacy
i.
Refutation 1:
While reproductive freedom is important, it should
not override health concerns. The evidence from Reason 1 and Reason 2
illustrates that health issues take precedence over unrestricted reproductive
freedom, ensuring the well-being of surrogate mothers.
b.
Opposing view 2
: Reproductive Freedom as a Right
i.
Refutation 2:
Protecting all parties involved in surrogacy,
including surrogate mothers, children, and intended parents, is a moral
obligation. Ethical and child welfare considerations, as presented in
Reason 2 and Reason 3, justify the need for regulation.
IV.
Conclusion:
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a.
Restate the importance of your issue:
The issue of surrogacy is complex,
involving the health and well-being of surrogate mothers, ethical considerations,
and the welfare of children. In effect, it is imperative to underscore the need for
thoughtful regulation and ethical considerations in surrogacy to protect the well-
being of all parties involved. Per se, striking a balance between reproductive
freedom and these concerns is crucial.
b.
Paint a picture of the world depicting what would happen if your argument
is (or is not) implemented.
Envision a world where responsible and ethical
surrogacy practices prevail. In such a future, surrogacy serves as a lifeline for
individuals facing medical complications, ensuring the health and well-being of
surrogate mothers, children, and intended parents. Comprehensive regulations and
oversight safeguard against exploitation, fostering a nurturing environment for all
parties involved. Conversely, in a world without such regulations, where on-
demand surrogacy runs unchecked, we encounter a starkly different scenario. The
absence of ethical constraints may pave the way for potential exploitation, ethical
quandaries, and physical and emotional risks to surrogate mothers and children. It
is imperative that we choose the path of responsible surrogacy to secure a future
that prioritizes the welfare of everyone involved.
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References
Berk, H. L. (2020). Savvy surrogates and rock star parents: compensation provisions, contracting
practices, and the value of womb work.
Law And Social Inquiry-journal of the American
Bar Foundation
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45
(2), 398–431.
https://doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2019.57
Bromfield, N. F., & Rotabi, K. S. (2014). Global Surrogacy, Exploitation, Human Rights and
International Private Law: A Pragmatic stance and Policy recommendations.
Global
Social Welfare
,
1
(3), 123–135.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40609-014-0019-4
Cui, L., Li, L., Adashi, E. Y., & Chen, Z. (2016). Surrogacy: a family-building option in search of
legitimacy.
Bjog: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
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123
(S3), 65–
68.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.14195
Goli, M., Farajzadegan, Z., Heidari, Z., & Kohan, S. (2019). Reproductive and sexual Health of
surrogate mothers, developing a care program: a protocol for mixed methods study.
Reproductive Health
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16
(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0687-8
Horsey, K. (2016). Not withered on the vine: The need for surrogacy law reform.
Journal of
Medical Law and Ethics
.
https://doi.org/10.7590/221354016x14803383336888
Joseph, R., Rafanello, A. M., Morris, C. J., & Fleming, K. F. (2018). Surrogacy: Pathway to
parenthood.
Neonatal Network
,
37
(1), 19–23.
https://doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.37.1.19
Liamzon, G. M. A., Santos, A. M. P., Tamayo, M. a. M. G., & Macapagal, M. E. J. (2021).
Surrogacy among Filipinos who have struggled with infertility: A discourse analysis.
Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology
,
15
, 183449092199793.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1834490921997933
9
Patel, N. V., Jadeja, Y., Bhadarka, H. K., Patel, M., Patel, N., & Sodagar, N. R. (2018). Insight
into different aspects of surrogacy practices.
Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences
,
11
(3), 212.
https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_138_17
Piersanti, V., Consalvo, F., Signore, F., Del Rio, A., & Zaami, S. (2021). Surrogacy and
“Procreative Tourism”. What Does the Future Hold from the Ethical and Legal
Perspectives?
Medicina-lithuania
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57
(1), 47.
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57010047
Stenfelt, C., Armuand, G., Wånggren, K., Svanberg, A. S., & Sydsjö, G. (2018). Attitudes toward
surrogacy among doctors working in reproductive medicine and obstetric care in Sweden.
Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica
,
97
(9), 1114–1121.
https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13342
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