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Safe sex
Ways to reduce the risk of acquiring STIs
For the film, see Safe Sex (film).
Male (or "external") condoms can be used to cover the penis for safer sex during vaginal or
anal insertion or fellatio.
Dental dams can be used to cover the vulva or anus when engaging in cunnilingus or
anilingus, respectively, for safer sex.
Female condoms ("internal" condoms) can be used by receptive partners for safer sex.
Safe sex is sexual activity using methods or contraceptive devices (such as condoms) to
reduce the risk of transmitting or acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs), especially
HIV.[1] "Safe sex" is also sometimes referred to as safer sex or protected sex to indicate that
some safe sex practices do not eliminate STI risks. It is also sometimes used colloquially to
describe methods aimed at preventing pregnancy that may or may not also lower STI risks.
The concept of "safe sex" emerged in the 1980s as a response to the global AIDS epidemic,
and possibly more specifically to the AIDS crisis in the United States. Promoting safe sex is
now one of the main aims of sex education and STI prevention, especially reducing new HIV
infections. Safe sex is regarded as a harm reduction strategy aimed at reducing the risk of
STI transmission.[2][3]
Although some safe sex practices (like condoms) can also be used as birth control
(contraception), most forms of contraception do not protect against STIs. Likewise, some
safe sex practices, such as partner selection and low-risk sex behavior,[example
needed]
might not be effective forms of contraception.
History[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by
adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged
and removed.Find sources: "Safe sex" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March
2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Although strategies for avoiding STIs like syphilis and gonorrhea have existed for centuries
and the term "safe sex" existed in English as early as the 1930s, the use of the term to refer
to STI-risk reduction dates to the mid-1980s in the United States. It emerged in response to
the HIV/AIDS crisis.[4][5]
A year before the HIV virus was isolated and named, the San Francisco chapter of the Sisters
of Perpetual Indulgence published a small pamphlet titled Play Fair! out of concern over
widespread STIs among the city's gay male population. It specifically named illnesses
(Kaposi's sarcoma and pneumocystis pneumonia) that would later be understood as
symptoms of advanced HIV disease (or AIDS). The pamphlet advocated a range of safe-sex
practices, including abstinence, condoms, personal hygiene, use of personal lubricants, and
STI testing/treatment. It took a casual, sex-positive approach while also emphasizing
personal and social responsibility. In May 1983—the same month HIV was isolated and
named in France—the New York City-based HIV/AIDS activists Richard Berkowitz and
Michael Callen published similar advice in their booklet, How to Have Sex in an Epidemic:
One Approach. Both publications included recommendations that are now standard advice
for reducing STI (including HIV) risks.[6][7][8]
A poster promotes condom use.
Safe sex as a form of STI risk reduction appeared in journalism as early as 1984, in the
British publication The Daily Intelligencer: "The goal is to reach about 50 million people
with messages about safe sex and AIDS education."[5]
Although safe sex is used by individuals to refer to protection against both pregnancy and
HIV/AIDS or other STI transmissions, the term was born in response to the HIV/AIDS
epidemic. It is believed that the term safe sex was used in the professional literature in
1984, in the content of a paper on the psychological effect that HIV/AIDS may have on gay
and bisexual men.[9]
A poster aimed at lesbians says "Low risk isn't no risk". It uses the expression "safer sex".
A year later, the same term appeared in an article in The New York Times. This article
emphasized that most specialists advised their AIDS patients to practice safe sex. The
concept included limiting the number of sexual partners, using prophylactics, avoiding
bodily fluid exchange, and resisting the use of drugs that reduced inhibitions for high-risk
sexual behavior.[10] Moreover, in 1985, the first safe sex guidelines were established by the
'Coalition for Sexual Responsibilities'.[who?] According to these guidelines, safe sex was
practiced by using condoms also when engaging in anal or oral sex.[11]
Although the term safe sex was primarily used in reference to sexual activity between men,
in 1986 the concept was spread to the general population. Various programs were
developed with the aim of promoting safe sex practices among college students. These
programs were focused on promoting the use of the condom, a better knowledge about the
partner's sexual history and limiting the number of sexual partners. The first book on this
subject appeared in the same year. The book was entitled "Safe Sex in the Age of AIDS", and
had 88 pages that described both positive and negative approaches to sexual life.[citation
needed] Sexual behavior could be safe (kissing, hugging, massage, body-to-body rubbing,
mutual masturbation, exhibitionism, phone sex, and use of separate sex toys); possibly safe
(use of condoms); or unsafe.[10]
In 1997, specialists in this matter promoted the use of condoms as the most accessible safe
sex method (besides abstinence) and they called for TV commercials featuring condoms.
During the same year, the Catholic Church in the United States issued their own "safer sex"
guidelines on which condoms were listed, though two years later the Vatican urged chastity
and heterosexual marriage, attacking the American Catholic bishops' guidelines.[citation
needed]
A study carried out in 2006 by Californian specialists showed that the most common
definitions of safe sex are condom use (68% of the interviewed subjects), abstinence (31.1%
of the interviewed subjects), monogamy (28.4% of the interviewed subjects) and safe
partner (18.7% of the interviewed subjects).[10]
The term safer sex in Canada and the United States has gained greater use by health
workers, reflecting that risk of transmission of sexually transmitted infections in various
sexual activities is a continuum. The term safe sex is still in common use in the United
Kingdom,[12] Australia and New Zealand.
"Safer sex" is thought to be a more aggressive term which may make it more obvious to
individuals that any type of sexual activity carries a certain degree of risk.
The term safe love has also been used, notably by the French Sidaction in the promotion of
men's underpants incorporating a condom pocket and including the red ribbon symbol in
the design, which were sold to support the charity.
Practices[edit]
A range of safe-sex practices are commonly recommended by sexual health educators and
public health agencies. Many of these practices can reduce (but not eliminate) risk of
transmitting or acquiring STIs.[13]
Phone sex/cybersex/sexting[edit]
Sexual activities, such as phone sex, cybersex, and sexting, that do not include direct contact
with the skin or bodily fluids of sexual partners, carry no STI risks and, thus, are forms of
safe sex.[14]
Non-penetrative sex[edit]
Watercolor of manual stimulation of the penis, Johann Nepomuk Geiger, 1840
Main article: Non-penetrative sex
A range of sex acts called "non-penetrative sex" or "outercourse" can significantly reduce STI
risks. Non-penetrative sex includes practices such as kissing, mutual masturbation, manual
sex, rubbing or stroking.[15][16] According to the Health Department of Western Australia,
this sexual practice may prevent pregnancy and most STIs. However, non-penetrative sex
may not protect against infections that can be transmitted via skin-to-skin contact, such as
herpes and human papilloma virus.[17] Mutual masturbation and manual sex carry some
STI risk, especially if there is skin contact or shared bodily fluids with sexual partners,
although the risks are significantly lower than many other sexual activities.[14]
Condoms, dental dams, gloves[edit]
Barriers, such as condoms, dental dams, and medical gloves can prevent contact with body
fluids (such as blood, vaginal fluid, semen, rectal mucus), and other means of transmitting
STIs (like skin, hair and shared objects) during sexual activity.[18][19]
How to put a male condom on a penis
External condoms can be used to cover the penis, hands, fingers, or other body parts during
sexual penetration or oral sex.[20] They are most frequently made of latex, and can also be
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made out of synthetic materials including polyurethane and polyisoprene.
Internal condoms (also called female condoms) are inserted into the vagina or anus prior to
sexual penetration. These condoms are made of either polyurethane or nitrile. If external
and internal condoms are used at the same time, they may break due to friction between the
materials during sexual activity.
A dental dam (originally used in dentistry) is a sheet of latex typically used for protection
between the mouth and the vulva or anus when engaging in oral sex.
Medical gloves and finger cots made out of latex, vinyl, nitrile, or polyurethane can cover
hands or fingers during manual sex or may be used as a makeshift dental dam during oral
sex.[20][21]
Condoms, dental dams, and gloves can also be used to cover sex toys such as dildos during
sexual stimulation or penetration.[20][21] If a sex toy is to be used in more than one orifice
or partner, a condom/dental dam/glove can be used over it and changed when the toy is
moved.
Oil-based lubrication can break down the structure of latex condoms, dental dams or gloves,
reducing their effectiveness for STI protection.[22]
While use of external condoms can reduce STI risks during sexual activity, they are not
100% effective. One study has suggested condoms might reduce HIV transmission by 85%
to 95%; effectiveness beyond 95% was deemed unlikely because of slippage, breakage, and
incorrect use.[23] It also said, "In practice, inconsistent use may reduce the overall
effectiveness of condoms to as low as 60–70%".[23]p. 40.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)[edit]
Main article: Pre-exposure prophylaxis
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (often abbreviated as PrEP) is the use of prescription drugs by
those who do not have HIV to prevent HIV infection. PrEP drugs are taken prior to HIV
exposure to prevent the transmission of the virus, usually between sexual partners. PrEP
drugs do not prevent other STI infections or pregnancy.[24]
As of 2018, the most-widely approved form of PrEP combines two drugs (tenofovir and
emtricitabine) in one pill. That drug combination is sold under the brand name Truvada by
Gilead Sciences. It is also sold in generic formulations worldwide. Other drugs and
modalities are being studied for use as PrEP.[25][26]
Different countries have approved different protocols for using the tenofovir/emtricitabine-
combination drug as PrEP. That two-drug combination has been shown to prevent HIV
infection in different populations when taken daily, intermittently, and on demand.
Numerous studies have found the tenofovir/emtricitabine combination to be over 90%
effective at preventing HIV transmission between sexual partners.[27]
Treatment as prevention[edit]
Main article: Treatment as prevention
Treatment as Prevention (often abbreviated as TasP) is the practice of testing for and
treating HIV infection as a way to prevent further spread of the virus. Those having
knowledge of their HIV-positive status can use safe-sex practices to protect themselves and
their partners (such as using condoms, sero-sorting partners, or choosing less-risky sexual
activities). And, because HIV-positive people with durably suppressed or undetectable
amounts of HIV in their blood cannot transmit HIV to sexual partners, sexual activity with
HIV-positive partners on effective treatment is a form of safe sex (to prevent HIV infection).
This fact has given rise to the concept of "U=U" ("Undetectable = Untransmittable").[28]
Other forms of safe sex[edit]
Other methods proven effective at reducing STI risks during sexual activity are:
Immunization against certain sexually-transmitted viruses. The most common vaccines
protect against hepatitis B and human papilloma virus (HPV), which can cause cervical
cancer, penile cancer, oral cancer, and genital warts. Immunization before initiation of sexual
activity increases effectiveness of these vaccines. HPV vaccines are recommended for all
teen girls and women as well as teen boys and men through age 26 and 21 respectively.[29]
Limiting numbers of sexual partners, particularly casual sexual partners, or restricting
sexual activity to those who know and share their STI status, can also reduce STI risks.
Monogamy or polyfidelity, practiced faithfully, is very safe (as far as STIs are concerned)
when all partners are non-infected. However, many monogamous people have been infected
with sexually transmitted infections by partners who are sexually unfaithful, have used
injection drugs, or were infected by previous sexual partners. The same risks apply to
polyfidelitous people, who face higher risks depending on how many people are in the
polyfidelitous group.
Communication with sexual partners about sexual history and STI status, preferred safe sex
practices, and acceptable risks for partnered sexual activities.
Engaging in less-risky sexual activities. In general, solo sexual activities are less risky than
partnered activities. Sexual penetration of orifices (mouth, vagina, anus) and sharing body
fluids (such as semen, blood, vaginal fluids, and rectal mucus) between sexual partners
carry the most risk for STIs.
Regular STI testing and treatment, especially by those who are sexually active with more
than one casual sexual partner.[30][31] It is possible to attain and show proof of STD-free-
verification through online dating apps and websites.[32][33]
Penile circumcision. Some research suggests that circumcising (removing) the foreskin of
the penis can reduce the risk of contracting HIV.[34][35] Some advocacy groups dispute
these findings.[36][37]
Ineffective methods[edit]
Most methods of contraception are not effective at preventing the spread of STIs. This
includes birth control pills, vasectomy, tubal ligation, periodic abstinence, IUDs and many
non-barrier methods of pregnancy prevention. However, condoms, when used correctly,
significantly reduces the risks of STI transmission and unwanted pregnancy.[38]
The spermicide nonoxynol-9 has been claimed to reduce the likelihood of STI transmission.
However, a technical report[39] by the World Health Organization
has shown that
nonoxynol-9 is an irritant and can produce tiny tears in mucous membranes, which may
increase the risk of transmission by offering pathogens more easy points of entry into the
system. They reported that nonoxynol-9 lubricant do not have enough spermicide to
increase contraceptive effectiveness cautioned they should not be promoted. There is no
evidence that spermicidal condoms are better at preventing STD transmission compared to
condoms that do not have spermicide. If used properly, spermicidal condoms can prevent
pregnancy, but there is still an increased risk that nonoxynyl-9 can irritate the skin, making
it more susceptible for infections.[39][40]
The use of a diaphragm or contraceptive sponge provides some women with better
protection against certain sexually transmitted infections,[41] but they are not effective for
all STIs.
Hormonal methods of preventing pregnancy (such as oral contraceptives [i.e. 'The pill'],
depoprogesterone, hormonal IUDs, the vaginal ring, and the patch) offer no protection
against STIs. The copper intrauterine device and the hormonal intrauterine device provide
an up to 99% protection against pregnancies but no protection against STIs. Women with
copper intrauterine device may be subject to greater risk of infection from bacterial
infectious such as gonorrhea or chlamydia, although this is debated.[42]
Coitus interruptus (or "pulling out"), in which the penis is removed from the vagina, anus, or
mouth before ejaculation, may reduce transmission of STIs but still carries significant risk.
This is because pre-ejaculate, a fluid that oozes from the penile urethra before ejaculation,
may contain STI pathogens. Additionally, the microbes responsible for some diseases,
including genital warts and syphilis, can be transmitted through skin-to-skin or mucous
membrane contact.[citation needed]
Anal sex[edit]
Unprotected anal penetration is considered a high-risk sexual activity because the thin
tissues of the anus and rectum can be easily damaged.[43][44]
Slight injuries can allow the
passage of bacteria and viruses, including HIV. This includes penetration of the anus by
fingers, hands, or sex toys such as dildos. Also, condoms may be more likely to break during
anal sex than during vaginal sex, increasing the risk of STI transmission.[45]
The main risk that individuals are exposed to when performing anal sex is the transmission
of HIV. Other possible infections include hepatitis A, B and C; intestinal parasite infections
like Giardia; and bacterial infections such as Escherichia coli.[46]
Anal sex should be avoided by couples in which one of the partners has been diagnosed with
an STI until the treatment has proven to be effective.
In order to make anal sex safer, the couple must ensure that the anal area is clean and the
bowel empty and the partner on whom anal penetration occurs should be able to relax.
Regardless of whether anal penetration occurs by using a finger or the penis, the condom is
the best barrier method to prevent transmission of STI. Enemas should not be used as they
can increase the risk of HIV infection[47] and lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis.[48]
Since the rectum can be easily damaged, the use of lubricants is highly recommended even
when penetration occurs by using the finger. Especially for beginners, using a condom on
the finger is both a protection measure against STI and a lubricant source. Most condoms
are lubricated and they allow less painful and easier penetration. Oil-based lubricants
damage latex and should not be used with condoms;[49] water-based and silicone-based
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lubricants are available instead. Non-latex condoms are available for people who are allergic
to latex made out of polyurethane or polyisoprene.[50] Polyurethane condoms can safely be
used with oil-based lubricant.[51] The "female condom" may also be used effectively by the
anal receiving partner.
Anal stimulation with a sex toy requires similar safety measures to anal penetration with a
penis, in this case using a condom on the sex toy in a similar way.
It is important that the man washes and cleans his penis after anal intercourse if he intends
to penetrate the vagina. Bacteria from the rectum are easily transferred to the vagina, which
may cause vaginal and urinary tract infections.[52]
When anal–oral contact occurs, protection is required since this is a risky sexual behavior in
which illnesses such as hepatitis A or STIs can be easily transmitted, as well as enteric
infections. The dental dam or plastic wrap[53] are effective protection means whenever
anilingus is performed.
Sex toys[edit]
Two sex toys intended for anal use (note the flared bases)
Putting a condom on a sex toy provides better sexual hygiene and can help to prevent
transmission of infections if the sex toy is shared, provided the condom is replaced when
used by a different partner. Some sex toys are made of porous materials, and pores retain
viruses and bacteria, which makes it necessary to clean sex toys thoroughly, preferably with
use of cleaners specifically for sex toys. Glass is non-porous and medical grade glass sex toys
more easily sterilized between uses.[54]
In cases in which one of the partners is treated for an STI, it is recommended that the couple
not use sex toys until the treatment has proved to be effective.
All sex toys have to be properly cleaned after use. The way in which a sex toy is cleaned
varies on the type of material it is made of. Some sex toys can be boiled or cleaned in a
dishwasher. Most of the sex toys come with advice on the best way to clean and store them
and these instructions should be carefully followed.[55] A sex toy should be cleaned not
only when it is shared with other individuals but also when it is used on different parts of
the body (such as mouth, vagina or anus).
A sex toy should regularly be checked for scratches or breaks that can be breeding ground
for bacteria. It is best if the damaged sex toy is replaced by a new undamaged one. Even
more hygiene protection should be considered by pregnant women when using sex toys.
Sharing any type of sex toy that may draw blood, like whips or needles, is not recommended,
and is not safe.[55]
When using sex toys in the anus, sex toys "...can easily get lost" as "rectal muscles contract
and can suck an object up and up, potentially obstructing the colon"; to prevent this serious
problem, sex toy users are advised to use sex "...toys with a flared base or a string".[56]
Abstinence[edit]
Sexual abstinence reduces STIs and pregnancy risks associated with sexual contact, but STIs
may also be transmitted through non-sexual means, or by rape. HIV may be transmitted
through contaminated needles used in tattooing, body piercing, or injections. Medical or
dental procedures using contaminated instruments can also spread HIV, while some health-
care workers have acquired HIV through occupational exposure to accidental injuries with
needles.[57] Evidence does not support the use of abstinence-only sex education.[58]
Abstinence-only sex education programs have been found to be ineffective in decreasing
rates of HIV infection in the developed world[59] and unplanned pregnancy.[58]
Abstinence-only sex education primarily relies on the consequences of character and
morality while health care professionals are concerned about matters regarding health
outcomes and behaviors.[60] Though abstinence is the best course to prevent pregnancy
and STIs, in reality, it leaves young people without the information and skills they need to
avoid unwanted pregnancies and STIs.[60]
See also[edit]
Human sexuality portal
Bareback (sex)
Celibacy
Human sexual activity
Masturbation
Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
Party and play
Post-exposure prophylaxis
Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence
Terrence Higgins Trust
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human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and viral hepatitis. They can also provide protection
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