PUB 655 - Topic 7 DQ 1
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Nov 24, 2024
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Using the proximate determinants framework, discuss the relative impacts of one of the following reproductive health issues: contraception, breastfeeding, abortion, sexual activity and infecundity on total fertility rates in Latin America versus Africa from both a family-
centered and systems-based perspective. What are the policy implications of these findings? Provide a real-world example of this issue and explain how the policy impacts the low-income
population. Similarly, explain why Japan, which has a relatively low contraceptive prevalence rate, has such a low total fertility rate
.
Although there are many types of contraception, it is not always the most appropriate choice for every situation. Some factors that can help determine the most effective method include an individual's age, health, sexual frequency, and family history.
(
Family Planning/Contraception Methods
, 2023)
. Providing access to contraceptives for all individuals advances a wide range of human rights. These include the freedom of expression, choice, and opinion, as well as the right to education and work
(
Family Planning/Contraception Methods
, 2023)
. Among the various types of contraception are oral contraceptives, which are commonly used for women. They are also available in various forms such as implants, patches, and vaginal rings.
In Latin America, the number of people using contraceptives has increased, which has led to a decline in the TFR. In urban areas, women are more likely to use contraceptives.
In Africa, the use of contraceptives has been lower compared to that of Latin America. This can be attributed to various factors, such as social norms and cultural beliefs.
Family-centered perspective explains that contraception enables couples to plan their pregnancies and affect the size of their families.
Improving contraceptive access necessitates strengthening the health system, addressing cultural obstacles, and promoting education.
BREAST FEEDING
Breastfeeding techniques can affect birth spacing in certain countries in Latin America. In addition, traditional practices have been known to lengthen birth intervals.
(Boadu, 2022)
In certain African countries, breastfeeding is common and traditional practices can affect birth spacing. But, in some regions, it can also be considered a natural form of contraception (Boadu, 2022)
.
The family-centered perspective states that breastfeeding can affect the spacing between pregnancies and the size of the family.
The systems-based perspective emphasizes the need for public health agencies to support breastfeeding and ensure women have access to contraceptive education.
ABORTION
In some countries in Latin America, strict abortion laws can result in unsafe procedures, which can affect maternal health
(Planned Parenthood, 2023)
. There are varying levels of access to abortion services in Africa, and restrictive legislation can result in unsafe methods. Unintended
pregnancies can lead to induced abortions, which can affect the size of a family.
Policies should prioritize access to comprehensive reproductive health care, including options for abortion, in addressing unintended pregnancy complications (Planned Parenthood, 2023)
.
SEXUAL ACTIVITY AND INFECUNDITY.
In both Africa and Latin America, social and cultural factors can affect infecundity and sexual activity. STI rates can also affect fertility.
STIs may also have an impact on family planning and fertility decisions.
The systems-based perspective emphasizes the need for public health policies and programs that focus on STI prevention and education.
POLICY IMPLICATION
Multi-pronged policies should address the different determinants of reproductive health, including education and cultural changes. Providing adequate healthcare infrastructures is key to facilitating maternal healthcare, contraceptive access, and safe abortion
(Planned Parenthood, 2023)
Countries with strict abortion laws could face barriers that prevent low-
income women from accessing safe abortion. This would result in higher maternal mortality and poverty rates.
JAPAN'S LOW CONTRACEPTIVE RATE AND LOW TOTAL FERTILITY RATE.
Socio-cultural factors have contributed to Japan's low fertility rate, despite having low contraceptive prevalence. High educational and career expectations, economic uncertainty, and
long working hours have caused people to delay or limit their childbearing, resulting in low total fertility rates
(
Japan’s Birthrate Fell to 1.2 Range in 2022, Lowest in 17 Years
, n.d.)
.
POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR JAPAN
Various policies should aim to support families, promote work-life balance, and create a conducive atmosphere for raising children.
(
Japan’s Birthrate Fell to 1.2 Range in 2022, Lowest in 17 Years
, n.d.)
Family formation can be supported through various policies, such
as financial incentives and parental leave schemes. Understanding the various factors that affect fertility and developing effective policies that are geared toward addressing these issues are two of the most (
Japan’s Birthrate Fell to 1.2 Range in 2022, Lowest in 17 Years
, n.d.)
important factors that policymakers should consider when it comes to developing reproductive health policies.
REFERENCES:
Boadu I. (2022). Coverage and determinants of modern contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: further analysis of demographic and health surveys.
Reproductive health
,
19
(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-022-01332-x
Family planning/contraception methods
. (2023, September 5). Www.who.int.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/family-
planning-contraception#:~:text=methods%20of%20contraception.-
Planned Parenthood. (2023).
Planned Parenthood
. Plannedparenthood.org.
https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/abortion
Japan’s birthrate fell to 1.2 range in 2022, lowest in 17 years
. (n.d.). Nikkei Asia. https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Society/Japan-s-birthrate-fell-to-1.2-range-in-
2022-lowest-in-17-years#:~:text=The%20total%20fertility%20rate%20in
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