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Activity 1.1.2 Research and Documentation Introduction As you explore the world of science and medicine, you will need an arsenal of resources to help you visualize existing technology and design the innovations of the future. Successful completion of each mission task hinges on a strong knowledge of the problem based on credible information. As you embark on each mission, you must research the scope of the problem, analyze solutions already available, and visualize features of your new design. In your biomedical science courses, you have learned techniques for researching current medical topics. As you delve a bit deeper into published scientific work, you will examine scientific journals in more detail. Tips for researching current topics will help you as you progress through the course and as you write your own scientific papers. In this activity you will complete a scavenger hunt as you explore online research tools, consider the composition of research articles, and review how to summarize and document credible sources. You will also review how to assess the integrity of information presented in Internet websites. Equipment ● Computer with Internet access ● Laboratory journal ● Activity 1.1.2 – Student Response Sheet – Research and Documentation Scavenger Hunt ● PLTW Biomedical Science Documentation Protocol handout ● PLTW Biomedical Science Outlining and Summarizing Guidelines handout Procedure 1. Review the Documentation Protocol and the Summarizing and Outlining Guidelines that you used in the previous three courses. Find copies of these documents in your laboratory journal, in your mission file, or obtain additional copies from your teacher. 2. In your laboratory journal, list two pros and two cons of using the Internet to research current science topics. Refer to your experience in the other biomedical science courses. 3. Brainstorm ways that you can determine whether a website is credible. Think back to research you have completed in your previous PLTW classes. Record your ideas in your laboratory journal and discuss these features with a partner. 4. Obtain an Activity 1.1.2 Student Response Sheet - Research and Documentation Scavenger Hunt from your teacher or from the mission file. 5. Complete the scavenger hunt as described on the resource sheet. Explore available databases that you may use this year as you complete research for each mission. Begin to think about strategies that you will use to move from a simple topic, to a research question, to an innovative solution. © 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc. Biomedical Innovation A1.1.2 Research and Documentation – Page 1
6. Use the resources that you explored in the scavenger hunt to locate two reliable articles, one from a scientific journal and one from a news source. The resources should relate to the goal of the emergency services mission. a. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021905/ b. https://bmcemergmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-227x-11-1 6 7. Summarize one of the two articles using the Summarizing and Outlining Guidelines handout. Attach your typed summary (including a proper citation) and the original article to this resource sheet. a. According to the Emergency department triage: an ethical analysis article, written by Ramesh P Aacharya, Chris Gastmans & Yvonne Denier, ethical dilemmas arise from the consequences of inadequate triage in emergency departments, such as delayed treatment, breach of privacy and confidentiality, inadequate communication between doctors and patients, failure to provide necessary care, or even the decision of whose life to save. Triage influences respect of autonomy. Autonomy is very difficult to assess especially when urgent situations arise. However, refusing to provide a patient who arrives at the ED with immediate medical attention goes against the idea of respecting their autonomy. Nonmaleficence, meaning “do no harm”, should also be considered when developing a ED triage. Triage does not directly cause harm, unless patients with severe injuries are classified as dead. Long wait times for consultations can worsen outcomes, cause more agony and suffering, and consequently cause indirect harm. Health care workers must practice beneficence, which is a positive action performed for the benefit of others rather than just abstaining from harmful acts. It is based on the moral obligation to contribute to the benefit or well-being of people. Lastly, justice focuses on equity, not equality. Distributive justice indicates that decisions about resource allocation are to be made fairly in light of the limited resources available. Aacharya, Ramesh P, et al. “Emergency Department Triage: An Ethical Analysis - BMC Emergency Medicine.” BioMed Central , BioMed Central, 7 Oct. 2011, bmcemergmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-227X-11-16. 8. Answer the Conclusion questions. Scavenger Hunt: Use the New England of Journal Medicine (NEJM) and complete the following: 1. Search for articles relating to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) . Make sure to keep “free full original articles” in your search. © 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc. Biomedical Innovation A1.1.2 Research and Documentation – Page 2
a. Scroll down the list of results and choose an original article that is available in full text. b. Write the citation for this article in the proper format. Refer to the Citing Sources resource for information on properly citing sources. Chalkias, S., Harper, C., Vrbicky, K., Walsh, S. R., Essink, B., Brosz, A., McGhee, N., Tomassini, J. E., Chen, X., Chang, Y., Sutherland, A., Montefiori, D. C., Girard, B., Edwards, D. K., Feng, J., Zhou, H., Baden, L. R., Miller, J. M., & Das, R. (2022). A Bivalent Omicron-Containing Booster Vaccine against Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine . https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2208343 c. Review any of the listed resources from your search. Is SARS spread by a virus or a bacterium? List the name of the virus or bacterium in your laboratory notebook. Provide a proper citation for your source (if different from your source in the previous step). SARS is spread by a virus. The name of the virus is coronavirus. 2. Search for an article related to the BRCA1 mutation and cancer. a. Choose one original article. Provide the citation in your laboratory notebook in the proper format. Coleman, R. L., Fleming, G. F., Brady, M. F., Swisher, E. M., Steffensen, K. D., Friedlander, M., Okamoto, A., Moore, K. N., Efrat Ben-Baruch, N., Werner, T. L., Cloven, N. G., Oaknin, A., DiSilvestro, P. A., Morgan, M. A., Nam, J.-H., Leath, C. A., Nicum, S., Hagemann, A. R., Littell, R. D., & Cella, D. (2019). Veliparib with First-Line Chemotherapy and as Maintenance Therapy in Ovarian Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine , 381 (25), 2403–2415. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1909707 © 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc. Biomedical Innovation A1.1.2 Research and Documentation – Page 3
b. Review the abstract for this article. The abstract is a brief summary of a scientific paper. c. List the four sections of an article abstract published in the New England Journal of Medicine . Next to each section, provide a phrase that describes the role of this section. Background- context of the study Methods- their process to get the answer Results- what they discovered Conclusion- what the results mean d. Using the information presented in the abstract, come up with one testable research question related to the findings of this study. Can the use of poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]–ribose) polymerase inhibitors in early treatment of patients with high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma help increase the length of progression-free survival? Google Scholar 1. Visit the database of scholarly articles available at Google Scholar . Some full articles are available directly in PDF format. For other articles, you may have to follow the link to the original source to determine whether the abstract or full-text article is available. 2. For two of the following independent project ideas, list the keyword or words that you would use to begin a search for relevant articles or resources. © 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc. Biomedical Innovation A1.1.2 Research and Documentation – Page 4
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