1.1.2.A Research
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May 22, 2024
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Activity 1.1.2 Research and Documentation
Introduction
As you explore the world of science and medicine, you will need an arsenal of
resources to help you visualize existing technology and design the innovations of the
future. Successful completion of each mission task hinges on a strong knowledge of
the problem based on credible information. As you embark on each mission, you
must research the scope of the problem, analyze solutions already available, and
visualize features of your new design. In your biomedical science courses, you have
learned techniques for researching current medical topics. As you delve a bit deeper
into published scientific work, you will examine scientific journals in more detail. Tips
for researching current topics will help you as you progress through the course and
as you write your own scientific papers.
In this activity you will complete a scavenger hunt as you explore online research
tools, consider the composition of research articles, and review how to summarize
and document credible sources. You will also review how to assess the integrity of
information presented in Internet websites.
Equipment
●
Computer with Internet access
●
Laboratory journal
●
Activity 1.1.2 – Student Response Sheet – Research and Documentation
Scavenger Hunt
●
PLTW Biomedical Science Documentation Protocol handout
●
PLTW Biomedical Science Outlining and Summarizing Guidelines handout
Procedure
1.
Review the Documentation Protocol and the Summarizing and Outlining
Guidelines that you used in the previous three courses. Find copies of these
documents in your laboratory journal, in your mission file, or obtain additional
copies from your teacher.
2.
In your laboratory journal, list two pros and two cons of using the Internet to
research current science topics. Refer to your experience in the other biomedical
science courses.
3.
Brainstorm ways that you can determine whether a website is credible. Think
back to research you have completed in your previous PLTW classes. Record
your ideas in your laboratory journal and discuss these features with a partner.
4.
Obtain an Activity 1.1.2 Student Response Sheet - Research and Documentation
Scavenger Hunt from your teacher or from the mission file.
5.
Complete the scavenger hunt as described on the resource sheet. Explore
available databases that you may use this year as you complete research for
each mission. Begin to think about strategies that you will use to move from a
simple topic, to a research question, to an innovative solution.
© 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Biomedical Innovation A1.1.2 Research and Documentation – Page 1
6.
Use the resources that you explored in the scavenger hunt to locate two reliable
articles, one from a scientific journal and one from a news source. The resources
should relate to the goal of the emergency services mission.
a.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021905/
b.
https://bmcemergmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-227x-11-1
6
7.
Summarize one of the two articles using the Summarizing and Outlining
Guidelines handout. Attach your typed summary (including a proper citation) and
the original article to this resource sheet.
a.
According to the Emergency department triage: an ethical analysis article,
written by Ramesh P Aacharya, Chris Gastmans & Yvonne Denier, ethical
dilemmas arise from the consequences of inadequate triage in emergency
departments, such as delayed treatment, breach of privacy and
confidentiality, inadequate communication between doctors and patients,
failure to provide necessary care, or even the decision of whose life to
save. Triage influences respect of autonomy. Autonomy is very difficult to
assess especially when urgent situations arise. However, refusing to
provide a patient who arrives at the ED with immediate medical attention
goes against the idea of respecting their autonomy. Nonmaleficence,
meaning “do no harm”, should also be considered when developing a ED
triage. Triage does not directly cause harm, unless patients with severe
injuries are classified as dead. Long wait times for consultations can
worsen outcomes, cause more agony and suffering, and consequently
cause indirect harm. Health care workers must practice beneficence,
which is a positive action performed for the benefit of others rather than
just abstaining from harmful acts. It is based on the moral obligation to
contribute to the benefit or well-being of people. Lastly, justice focuses on
equity, not equality. Distributive justice indicates that decisions about
resource allocation are to be made fairly in light of the limited resources
available.
Aacharya, Ramesh P, et al. “Emergency Department Triage: An Ethical Analysis -
BMC Emergency Medicine.”
BioMed Central
, BioMed Central, 7 Oct. 2011,
bmcemergmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-227X-11-16.
8.
Answer the Conclusion questions.
Scavenger Hunt:
Use the
New England of Journal Medicine (NEJM)
and complete the following:
1.
Search for articles relating to
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS)
. Make sure to keep “free full original articles” in your search.
© 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Biomedical Innovation A1.1.2 Research and Documentation – Page 2
a. Scroll down the list of results and choose an
original article
that is available in full text.
b. Write the citation for this article in the proper format. Refer to
the
Citing Sources
resource for information on properly
citing sources.
Chalkias, S., Harper, C., Vrbicky, K., Walsh, S. R., Essink, B., Brosz, A., McGhee, N.,
Tomassini, J. E., Chen, X., Chang, Y., Sutherland, A., Montefiori, D. C., Girard, B.,
Edwards, D. K., Feng, J., Zhou, H., Baden, L. R., Miller, J. M., & Das, R. (2022). A
Bivalent Omicron-Containing Booster Vaccine against Covid-19.
New England Journal
of Medicine
. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2208343
c. Review any of the listed resources from your search. Is SARS
spread by a virus or a bacterium? List the name of the virus
or bacterium in your laboratory notebook. Provide a proper
citation for your source (if different from your source in the
previous step).
SARS is spread by a virus. The name of the virus is coronavirus.
2. Search for an article related to the BRCA1
mutation
and
cancer.
a. Choose one original article. Provide the citation in your
laboratory notebook in the proper format.
Coleman, R. L., Fleming, G. F., Brady, M. F., Swisher, E. M., Steffensen, K. D., Friedlander, M.,
Okamoto, A., Moore, K. N., Efrat Ben-Baruch, N., Werner, T. L., Cloven, N. G., Oaknin,
A., DiSilvestro, P. A., Morgan, M. A., Nam, J.-H., Leath, C. A., Nicum, S., Hagemann,
A. R., Littell, R. D., & Cella, D. (2019). Veliparib with First-Line Chemotherapy and as
Maintenance Therapy in Ovarian Cancer.
New England Journal of Medicine
,
381
(25),
2403–2415. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1909707
© 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
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b. Review the abstract for this article. The abstract is a brief
summary of a scientific paper.
c. List the four sections of an article abstract published in the
New England Journal of Medicine
. Next to each section,
provide a phrase that describes the role of this section.
Background- context of the study
Methods- their process to get the answer
Results- what they discovered
Conclusion- what the results mean
d. Using the information presented in the abstract, come up
with one testable research question related to the findings
of this study.
Can the use of
poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]–ribose) polymerase
inhibitors in early treatment of patients with high-grade serous
ovarian carcinoma help increase the length of progression-free
survival?
Google Scholar
1.
Visit the database of scholarly articles available at
Google Scholar
.
Some full articles are available directly in PDF format. For other
articles, you may have to follow the link to the original source to
determine whether the abstract or full-text article is available.
2. For two of the following independent project ideas, list the keyword or
words that you would use to begin a search for relevant articles or
resources.
© 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Biomedical Innovation A1.1.2 Research and Documentation – Page 4
a. James is interested in investigating how chemicals in the
environment, mainly in the water or in the air, affect human
body system function and overall human health.
chemicals in atmosphere and effect on health
b. Margot is interested in investigating new technology or
treatments being developed or tested to provide better
quality of life to war veterans who have list limbs or have
experienced posttraumatic stress.
c. Finn is interested in investigating alternative methods for
smoking cessation that do not involve medication.
holistic smoking cessation
d. Kerry is interested in comparing HIV prevention strategies in
developing nation and in poorer communities in the United
states in order to develop a prevention plan for her local
community.
e. Choose one of the four topics above and find two articles
using Google Scholar that relate to this topic. One of the
articles should be a full-text article. Provide the title of each
article as well as one-to-two-sentence summary of the
content.
Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the atmosphere: Their effects on humans
and wildlife
-
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can disrupt hormone functions
when inhaled, leading to health issues like infertility, early puberty,
obesity, diabetes, and cancer. The article discusses major EDCs found in
the air and the potential risks to both humans and wildlife that they
create
© 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Biomedical Innovation A1.1.2 Research and Documentation – Page 5
Atmospheric Aerosols: Composition, Transformation, Climate and Health
Effects
-
Small particles, whether natural or from human activities, play a crucial
role in influencing atmospheric chemistry, climate, and human health.
-
f.
Use Google Scholar to locate the following article.
Sulheim, S., Holme, I., Ekeland, A. (2006). Helmet use and
risk of head injuries in alpine skiers and snowboarders.
The
Journal of the American Medical Association, 295
(8),
919-924.
i.
Describe how the journal article is organized. Read
through the paper and note the main topic
headings.
a. The journal article is organized in a way that
showcases the steps following an experiment.
Methods, results, and commentary for
improvement is explained in detail. Under the
main topics, there are also subtopics that help
with understanding the process.
ii.
Describe the study
methodology
, the procedure
followed by the investigators. How were subject
groups organized? How was data collected?
a.
The study was based on anonymized data
b. An injury was recorded when a skier or
snowboarder was treated by the ski patrol or
first aid staff.
iii. Compare the format of the abstract in this article to
the format of the article you reviewed from the
New England Journal of Medicine
. Are there
headings in the abstract? If so, how do they differ?
What aspects do abstracts have in common
regardless of format?
a. This article had easier wording and a more concise
abstract. It did, however, include a lot of research
findings and went into a lot of depth. The article I
read from NEJM had a more scientific approach in its
abstract and was relatively short. Both abstracts had
context, conclusion, and results. This article’s
abstract had one more part ,though.
© 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
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News Media
National and local news sites also provide information about current issues in
health and medicine.
1.
Locate one interesting science or medicine article in an online
newspaper or on an online news site (
NY Times, USA Today, CBS
News, Fox News, ABC News
) that has been posted in the past week.
Provide a citation for this article.
Stojan, J. (2023b, October 4).
Car-T therapy in treating different cancer types: A
deep dive into cytomed therapeutics
. USA Today.
https://www.usatoday.com/story/special/contributor-content/2023/09/14/car-t-the
rapy-in-treating-different-cancer-types-a-deep-dive-into-cytomed-therapeutics/7
0855057007/
2. Describe how this article related to a health-related challenge
discussed in class in Activity 1.1.1.
This article relates to one of the five major health related issues from activity 1.1.1 in
that it is related to cancer. Cancer is an immense problem within our world today and
affects many people, but there is not an exact cure yet. The article discusses that
cancer is a wide variety of diseases, each with its specific characteristics. It explains a
new innovation, CytoMed Therapeutics, which utilizes the patient’s T cells to
recognize and destroy cancer cells, essentially transforming the immune system into a
sort of weapon against cancer.
Reflection Question
: Think about the way in which scientific information is
presented in journal articles and the way in which the information is presented
in popular news media. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each forum
for the dissemination of scientific research?
Journal articles are scholarly and academic sources that include specific information
on a topic, typically from an expert or reviewed by one. They also usually have
research and evidence to support their work. Strengths of journal articles is that they
are credible and can be trusted, they contain accurate information and have helpful
research. Weaknesses of journal articles is that they must be read through to
© 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Biomedical Innovation A1.1.2 Research and Documentation – Page 7
completely understand and often hold confusing terms and information that the
average reader may not understand. Popular news media also spreads scientific
information, but in a different way. This approach is geared towards the general public
and motivates to inform the community, whereas journals are used for specific
purposes/research. Popular news media is beneficial in that it can spread important
information to the public efficiently and in simpler terms. Weaknesses of this
approach is that it can potentially leave gaps in information and fail to thoroughly
explain topics.
Conclusion
1.
What is the purpose of a scientific abstract?
The purpose of a scientific abstract is to allow the reader to have a general
understanding of the particular study and what it entailed before they get into all
the detailed data and information.
2.
Explain how information about the author, purpose, and content of a website can
help you assess overall credibility.
Knowing the background of the author allows you to determine if they are suitable
and reliable to be speaking on certain topics. For example, if I read a study on
covid safety protocols but it was written by a farmer with no experience in that
area, I wouldn’t really trust what they had written. The purpose of a website
allows you to know why the author created it and if the information written has a
good intention. The content of a website allows you to see if the overall point of
the website aligns with what you want to learn more about.
3.
Describe at least two differences between the way in which scientific information
is presented in journal articles and the way in which the information is presented
in popular news media. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each forum
for the dissemination of scientific research?
Scientific information in journal articles is presented in complex and scientifically correct
terms. It contains accurate information that relates to a specific topic and includes
research to back up what it is saying. Journal articles are great for researching things
further and understanding scientific subjects more thoroughly. Within popular news
media, scientific information is typically put into simpler terms that the average person
can comprehend. They may include more basic information, but still succeed in
informing the general public of scientific issues/topics. Strengths of journal articles is that
© 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Biomedical Innovation A1.1.2 Research and Documentation – Page 8
they include extensive knowledge upon rather specific topics to further educate an
audience. They also are composed by experts which adds a sense of credibility to the
article. Weaknesses of journal articles is that they can be hard to understand and require
much more thorough reading to understand. Additionally, they may not be helpful in
educating the general person. Strengths of popular news media is that they spread
scientific information quickly, and educate people in simple and comprehensible terms.
Weaknesses of popular news media is that they may leave important details out if deemed
too complicated and are not typically coming from experts.
4.
John is deciding on a topic for his independent project. His dad has just been
diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. He is interested in learning more about
current treatment methods for the illness, including the future of therapies such
as stem cells. Provide John with at least two helpful tips on how to begin his
research.
To begin researching, John should aim to use more journal articles, as they will include
more scientific research and vast information on the topic. They will include current
treatment methods and how they work and will mention the drawbacks of said treatments.
Also, he can try to use websites ending in .edu, .org, and .gov to avoid receiving any form
of misinformation and to find the most credible sources.
Summary outline:
a.
Emergency department triage: an ethical analysis
i.
Ethical dilemmas arise from the consequences of inadequate triage
in emergency departments, such as delayed treatment, breach of
privacy and confidentiality, inadequate communication between
doctors and patients, failure to provide necessary care, or even the
decision of whose life to save.
1.
Respect for Autonomy
a.
Autonomy is very difficult to assess especially when
urgent situations arise.
b.
Refusing to provide a patient who arrives at the ED
with immediate medical attention goes against the
idea of respecting their autonomy.
2.
Nonmaleficence
a.
“Do no harm”
b.
Triage does not directly cause harm, unless patients
with severe injuries are classified as dead.
© 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Biomedical Innovation A1.1.2 Research and Documentation – Page 9
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c.
Long wait times for consultations can worsen
outcomes, cause more agony and suffering, and
consequently cause indirect harm.
d.
Psychosocial harm encompasses feelings of stress,
fear, and neglect or lack of attention.
3.
Beneficence
a.
Beneficence is a positive action performed for the
benefit of others rather than just abstaining from
harmful acts.
b.
Based on the moral obligation to contribute to the
benefit or well-being of people.
4.
Justice
a.
Equity, not equality
b.
Distributive justice indicates that decisions about
resource allocation are to be made fairly in light of the
limited resources available
© 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Biomedical Innovation A1.1.2 Research and Documentation – Page 10