IHP 501 Module Seven 7-1 Activity Template March 2023

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Cerritos College *

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Medicine

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May 21, 2024

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1 7-1 Activity: Persuasive Speech Jennifer Morales Southern New Hampshire University IHP 501: Global Health and Diversity Dr. Carolina Baldwin April 14, 2024

2 7-1 Activity: Persuasive Speech An increasing amount of research shows that violent offenses and aggressive and violent behavior are significantly correlated among those who have recently been deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. Concerns regarding the health and wellbeing of veterans and active military personnel have grown significantly because of the range of symptoms encountered both during and after deployment. To carry out interventions that support military personnel through education and programs, ultimately improving their post-deployment experiences, funding for a humanitarian aid trip is necessary. The fact that humanitarian aid is enabling these improvements in military personnel's lives gives them a sense of security in addition to providing essential resources. Request Statement MacManus et al. (2015) found that there is a connection between violent and aggressive behavior and violent offenses committed by individuals who have recently been deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as the influence of mental health diagnoses like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A wide range of symptoms can occur during and after deployment; changes in mental and physical health may result in significant personal and social burdens and decreased quality of life; difficulties in vocational rehabilitation are also associated with these health issues among veterans and military personnel. Concerns regarding health problems among veterans and military personnel related to their (post)deployment are growing (Teplova et al., 2021). As they work to respond to disasters by providing humanitarian aid to these communities, organizations like Team Rubicon have had a significant impact on veteran communities ( Home - Team Rubicon , 2024). Other groups, like Guide Star, offer humanitarian assistance to veterans with a

3 focus on eradicating homelessness brought on by the mental health issues that veterans encounter after deployment ( Operation Veterans Assistance & Humanitarian Aid - GuideStar Profile , n.d.). The US military should have the right to treatment for any mental health condition, particularly if it is related to their time served. Humanitarian aid for those with mental health disorders has been disregarded. An internal or external cue that represents or resembles a part of the traumatic event, persistent distressing dreams, dissociative reactions, intense or prolonged psychological distress upon exposure to reminders of the trauma, and intrusive, distressing memories are all possible indicators of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Bryant, 2019). Protocols for support following deployment should be established, and the US military should be evaluated before their time overseas is over, to allay these worries. A team trip to Iraq and Afghanistan to provide humanitarian aid is being suggested to help carry out these interventions. On this trip, participants will learn about the most common mental health issues that US military personnel face and how to address them. In a survey conducted by MacManus et al. (2015), over a million military personnel who had previously served reported engaging in violent or aggressive behavior. Approximately 11% of these individuals reported having engaged in one or more severe acts of noncombat-related violence or aggression. The military personnel can feel secure that they have the appropriate resources to utilize after deployment because these interventions are being made possible by humanitarian aid. Population This tour is comprised of military personnel from various backgrounds. This comprises soldiers of various ranks stationed at an American base in Afghanistan or Iraq. The US Army and Air Force maintains Begram Air Base as one of its bases in Afghanistan ( Bagram Air Base in Parvan Province, Afghanistan | MilitaryBases.com, 2022). Along with civilians, the Navy,

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4 Marine Corps, and Coast Guard are also housed at the Begram base ( Bagram Air Base in Parvan Province, Afghanistan | MilitaryBases.com, 2022). There are no longer any tents on this base; instead, permanent housing is available, along with the Craig Joint Theater Hospital, which offers medical attention to all US service members base ( Bagram Air Base in Parvan Province, Afghanistan | MilitaryBases.com, 2022). Health Challenges Everybody, regardless of financial status, is impacted by mental health issues, including PTSD. Between 2003 and 2008, there was an average annual increase in males diagnosed with PTSD of 53.8%, while females saw an increase of 15.6% (Cameron et al., 2019). Additional health issues that military personnel face include substance abuse disorders, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and chronic pain (Veteran Affairs, 2020). Veteran Affairs (2020) claims that because of these health issues, military personnel are less satisfied with their physical and general well- being. Occupational Health A significant body of research has been conducted on violence among American combat veterans (MacManus et al., 2015). Exposure to combat is associated with increased risk of physical aggression, violence against intimate partners, and incarceration following deployment (MacManus et al., 2015). According to MacManus et al. (2015), PTSD symptoms such as irritability and angry reactions have been identified, and the DSM-V further specifies that these symptoms include reckless self-destructive behavior and angry outbursts. Additional risk factors for occupational PTSD could include working with dead bodies, explosions, and man-made disasters (Lee et al., 2020). Stress and injuries at work may be linked to occupational PTSD,

5 particularly if there is a history of mental health issues (Lee et al., 2020). Over a third reported violent or aggressive behavior, and 11% reported one or more acts of severe non-combat related violence and other physical aggression, according to a national survey sample of 1,388 former US military personnel selected at random from over one million veterans (MacManus et al., 2015). Environmental Health VA provides voluntary medical assessments for Veterans who may have been exposed to specific environmental hazards while serving in the armed forces through its six Environmental Health Registries (US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, 2021). The Gulf War Registry, the Toxic Embedded Fragment Surveillance Center, the Agent Orange Registry, the Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit Registry, the Depleted Uranium Follow-Up Program, and the Ionizing Radiation Registry are the six VA registries (US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, 2021). For Veterans, Reservists, and National Guard members who were exposed to toxins in the Camp Lejeune water supply between August 1, 1953, and December 31, 1987, VA has established a presumptive service connection. These individuals may later develop any of the following eight diseases: adult leukemia; Aplastic anemia and other myelodysplastic syndromes; bladder cancer; kidney cancer; liver cancer; multiple myeloma; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; Parkinson's disease (US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, 2023). Violence and Injury Due to the long-term effects on mental health, exposure to environmental and occupational contamination in Iraq and/or Afghanistan increases the risk of violence and injuries. These may raise the risk of dementia, brain fog, psychotic behaviors, memory loss, depression,

6 and suicide (Amen Clinics, 2024). Veterans may sustain injuries that have psychological effects in addition to physical ones. In 2020, Chin and Zeber found that 78% of the 4,980 participants in their study had traumatic brain injury (TBI) associated with toxins and explosions (Chin and Zeber, 2020). They are more likely to experience violence and injury as a result of these interactions. Conclusion Numerous studies have shown that there is a connection between violent and aggressive behavior and violent offenses among those who were recently deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan (MacManus et al., 2015). Many symptoms can occur during and after deployment, and there is growing concern about health issues among veterans and military personnel related to their (post)deployment (Teplova et al., 2021). Funding for a humanitarian aid trip is required to help implement interventions to support military personnel's education and programs and improve their lives. The military personnel can feel secure that they have the appropriate resources to utilize after deployment because these interventions are being made possible by humanitarian aid.

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7 References Amen Clinics. (2024, April 2). 10 Scary ways Toxins poison your brain . Retrieved April 14, 2024, from https://www.amenclinics.com/blog/10-scary-ways-toxins-poison-your-brain/ Bagram Air Base in Parvan Province, Afghanistan | MilitaryBases.com . (2022, March 21). Military Bases. https://militarybases.com/overseas/afghanistan/bagram/ Bryant, R. A. (2019). Post‐traumatic stress disorder: a state‐of‐the‐art review of evidence and challenges. World Psychiatry/World Psychiatry , 18 (3), 259–269. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20656 Cameron, K. L., Sturdivant, R. X., & Baker, S. P. (2019). Trends in the incidence of physician- diagnosed posttraumatic stress disorder among active-duty U.S. military personnel between 1999 and 2008. Military Medical Research/Military Medical Research , 6 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-019-0198-5 Chin, D. L., & Zeber, J. E. (2020). Mental Health Outcomes Among Military Service Members After Severe Injury in Combat and TBI. Military Medicine, 185(5–6), e711–e718. https://doi-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1093/milmed/usz440 Home - Team Rubicon . (2024, April 2). Team Rubicon. https://teamrubiconusa.org/ Lee, W., Lee, Y. R., Yoon, J. H., Lee, H. J., & Kang, M. (2020). Occupational post-traumatic stress disorder: an updated systematic review. BMC Public Health , 20 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08903-2 MacManus, D., Rona, R., Dickson, H., Somaini, G., Fear, N. T., & Wessely, S. (2015). Aggressive and violent behavior among military personnel deployed to Iraq and

8 Afghanistan: prevalence and link with deployment and combat exposure. Epidemiologic Reviews , 37 (1), 196–212. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxu006 Operation Veterans Assistance & Humanitarian Aid - GuideStar Profile . (n.d.). https://www.guidestar.org/profile/46-2963942 Teplova, A. E., Bakker, H. a. H. M., Perry, S. I. B., Van Etten‐Jamaludin, F. S., Plat, M. J., & Bekkers, M. B. M. (2021). The impact of deployment and combat exposure on physical health among military personnel: A systematic review of incidence, prevalence, and risks. Military Medicine , 187 (9–10), e1074–e1085. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usab302 US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration. (2021, March 26). VA’s environmental health registries . VA.gov | Veterans Affairs. Retrieved April 14, 2024, from https://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/publications/military-exposures/meyh- 4/registry.asp US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration. (2023, October 23). Camp Lejeune: Past Water Contamination . VA.gov | Veterans Affairs. Retrieved April 14, 2024, from https://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/camp-lejeune/ Veteran Affairs. (2020, January 2). Health ranks as top concern for Veterans immediately after military service . US Department of Veteran Affairs. Retrieved April 14, 2024, from https://www.research.va.gov/currents/0120-Health-ranks-as-top-concern-for- Veterans.cfm

IHP 501 Module Seven 7-1 Activity Template March 2023

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