Chem 131L Project 4_ Can You Count Calories

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James Madison University *

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131L

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Mechanical Engineering

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Jan 9, 2024

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Team 5 Project #4: Can You Count Calories Data and Notes Purpose The overall goal of this experiment is to optimize the calorimeter and experimental procedures from the previous lab, assessing their accuracy and precision in measuring the caloric content of food samples. Reproducible In-Lab Procedures 1. We followed the SOP except: ○ The bottom of the soda can was lowered and fixed to 0.75 cm above the food holder. ○ The can was wrapped with four sheets of aluminum foil and the top was covered with an aluminum foil funnel. 2. Chemicals Used ○ 6 Sunflower seeds ○ 2 Cheese puffs ○ 2 Corn chips ○ 2 Croutons ○ 100 mL deionized water 3. Equipment Used ○ Butane lighter ○ Aluminum foil ○ Coke can ○ Rubber stop ○ Clamp and clamp holder ○ 300 mL beaker ○ Balance ○ Ruler Data and Calculations: 1. Sunflower Seed Data: Trial Change(s) Mass initia l Mass final T initial T final Cal/g 1 - Bottom of the soda was fixed 2 cm above the food holder. 45.050 g 44.978 g 21.9 ℃ 23.8 ℃ 2.64

- Insulated can with one sheet of aluminum foil 2 - Created an aluminum funnel on top of the can. 45.038 g 44.975 g 24.5 ℃ 25.8 ℃ 2.06 3 - Bottom of the soda can was fixed to 0.75 cm above the food holder. 45.039 g 44.984 g 26.9 ℃ 29.6 ℃ 4.91 4 - Decreased water volume to 0.75 mL. 44.997 g 44.960 g 25.3 ℃ 26.0 ℃ 1.42 5 44.984 g 44.951 g 27.6 ℃ 28.1 ℃ 1.14 6 - Increased the water volume to 110 mL 44.989 g 44.951 g 24.3 ℃ 25.3 ℃ 2.89 ● Calculation for best Sunflower Seed trial: 2. Remaining Samples Data Trial Mass initial Mass final T initial T final Cal/g Cheese Puff 1 45.295 g 45.050 g 52.6 ℃ 56.2 ℃ 1.47 2 45.242 g 45.066 g 56.0 ℃ 58.2 ℃ 1.25 Corn Chip 1 45.427 g 45.132 g 56.7 ℃ 61.2 ℃ 1.53 2 45.650 g 45.350 g 60.5 ℃ 64.2 ℃ 1.23 Crouton 1 46.492 g 45.328 g 22.5 ℃ 43.0 ℃ 1.76 2 45.729 g 45.161 g 42.7 ℃ 53.6 ℃ 1.92 3. Percent Error

Sample Expected Cal/g Measured Cal/g Percent Error Cheese Puff unknown 1.36 unknown Sunflower Seed 6.00 4.91 -18.17% Corn Chip 5.71 1.53 -73.20% Crouton 4.29 1.92 -55.24% Conclusions: Results: ● We optimized the calorimeter and experimental procedures by: ○ lowering the bottom of the soda can to 0.75 cm above the food holder ○ wrapping the Coke can with four sheets of aluminum foil ○ covering the top of the can with an aluminum foil funnel ● We assessed the accuracy of the optimized procedure by calculating the caloric content of four different food samples and comparing the data’s percent error values to the percent error values of the previous lab. Previous Lab % Error Values Today’s Lab % Error Values Sunflower Seed 78.33% -18.17% Cheese Puff unknown unknown Corn Chip -76.36% -73.20% Crouton -74.59% -55.24% ● We assessed the precision of the optimized procedure by calculating the average deviation among the food samples tested in today’s lab. ○ Average Deviation: ■ Sunflower Seed: (We only had one trial with the optimized procedure) ■ Cheese Puff: 0.11 ■ Corn Chip: 2.09 ■ Crouton: 1.19

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● CLAIM 1: The calorimeter and experimental procedures can be optimized for accuracy by lowering the bottom of the soda can to 0.75 cm above the food holder, wrapping the coke can with four sheets of aluminum foil, and covering the top of the can with an aluminum foil funnel. EVIDENCE We assessed the accuracy of the optimized procedure by comparing the caloric content of four food samples obtained with the original procedure to those obtained with the new procedure. We calculated the percentage error for each sample and observed a consistent decrease in error with the new procedure for all four samples. Previous Lab % Error Values Today’s Lab % Error Values Sunflower Seed 78.33% -18.17% Cheese Puff unknown unknown Corn Chip -76.36% -73.20% Crouton -74.59% -55.24% We assessed the precision of the optimized procedure by calculating the average deviation of today’s lab data, and the results revealed variability. While the Cheese Puff sample demonstrated high precision with a low average deviation of 0.11, the Corn Chip sample (2.09) and Crouton sample (1.19) exhibited higher average deviation values, indicating greater variability in caloric content calculations. ○ Average Deviation: ■ Sunflower Seed: (We only had one trial with the optimized procedure) ■ Cheese Puff: 0.11 ■ Corn Chip: 2.09 ■ Crouton: 1.19 REASONING The goal of this experiment is to optimize the calorimeter and experimental procedures from the

previous lab, evaluating through percent error and average deviation measurements. Percent error measures accuracy because it quantifies the relative difference between a measured value and a known value and represents this in a percentage. Compared to the previous lab’s values, the optimized procedure consistently reduced percent error. Thus, we can conclude that the optimized procedure improves accuracy. Average deviation measures precision because it quantifies how closely data points cluster around the average. A low average deviation signifies high precision, while a high average deviation indicates lower precision. The results of the average deviation calculations revealed variability, particularly with the Corn Chip and Crouton samples. Thus, we cannot conclude that our optimized procedure is consistently precise across all samples.