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Critical Analysis of the United Flight 232 Crash 1 United Flight 232 Crash: A Critical Analysis of Technical Failures in Aircraft Maintenance Haley Burns Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

BURNS 2 Abstract The United Flight 232 crash, which occurred on July 19, 1989, is a tragic incident that stands as a stark reminder of the catastrophic consequences that can result from a failure to follow technical guidance in aircraft maintenance. This research project aims to critically analyze the accident, shedding light on its contributing factors and the lapses in maintenance procedures that played a pivotal role.

BURNS 3 United Flight 232 Background United Flight 232 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Denver to Chicago operated by a McDonnell Douglas DC-10. The aircraft experienced a catastrophic failure of its tail-mounted engine while cruising at an altitude of 37,000 feet. The failure was caused by the disintegration of the fan disk in the tail engine, leading to the loss of hydraulic fluid and subsequent loss of control over the aircraft. Contributing Factors Faulty Fan Disk Design The root cause of the accident was identified as a manufacturing defect in the fan disk of the tail engine. The flaw, undetected during routine inspections, eventually led to the catastrophic failure. The critical analysis should delve into the specifics of this design flaw, emphasizing how it went unnoticed during maintenance checks. Inadequate Inspection Procedures The research project should explore the maintenance and inspection procedures in place at the time of the accident. It is crucial to examine whether these procedures were sufficient in detecting the manufacturing defect and whether any lapses in adherence to technical guidance occurred during routine maintenance.

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BURNS 4 Training and Awareness An essential factor in the United Flight 232 crash was the level of training and awareness among maintenance personnel regarding potential issues with the DC-10's tail engine. The analysis should explore whether maintenance crews were sufficiently trained to identify and address potential defects in the fan disk. Additionally, it is imperative to investigate whether there was access to updated technical guidance, and whether the training programs in place adequately prepared personnel to handle such critical aspects of aircraft maintenance. Regulatory Oversight The United Flight 232 incident prompts an examination of the regulatory oversight during that period. It is crucial to assess whether there were any deficiencies in the regulatory framework that allowed the faulty fan disk to escape detection. Understanding the extent to which regulatory authorities enforced rigorous inspection standards for the DC-10's tail engine is essential. This analysis should delve into the effectiveness of regulatory measures in place and how they contributed to or failed to prevent the tragic outcome of the Flight 232 crash.

BURNS 5 References NASA. (2008, July). No left turns: no left turns: United Airlines Flight 232 crash . nasa.gov. https://sma.nasa.gov/docs/default-source/safety-messages/safetymessage-2008-08-01- unitedairlinesflight232crash-vits.pdf?sfvrsn=f4a91ef8_4 NTSB. (1990, November 1). NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT REPORT UNITED AIRLINES FLIGHT 232. ntsb.gov. https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR-90-06.pdf NSTB. (1979, December 21). National Transportation Safety Board Aircraft Accident Report AA Flight 191 . NTSB.gov. https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR7917.pdf

BURNS 6 Footnotes 1 [Add footnotes, if any, on their own page following references. For APA formatting requirements, it’s easy to just type your own footnote references and notes. To format a footnote reference, select the number and then, on the Home tab, in the Styles gallery, click Footnote Reference. The body of a footnote, such as this example, uses the Normal text style. (Note: If you delete this sample footnote, don’t forget to delete its in-text reference as well. That’s at the end of the sample Heading 2 paragraph on the first page of body content in this template.) ]

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BURNS 7 Tables Table 1 [Table Title] Column Head Column Head Column Head Column Head Column Head Row Head 123 123 123 123 Row Head 456 456 456 456 Row Head 789 789 789 789 Row Head 123 123 123 123 Row Head 456 456 456 456 Row Head 789 789 789 789 Note : [Place all tables for your paper in a tables section, following references (and, if applicable, footnotes). Start a new page for each table, include a table number and table title for each, as shown on this page. All explanatory text appears in a table note that follows the table, such as this one. Use the Table/Figure style, available on the Home tab, in the Styles gallery, to get the spacing between table and note. Tables in APA format can use single or 1.5 line spacing. Include a heading for every row and column, even if the content seems obvious. A default table style has been setup for this template that fits APA guidelines. To insert a table, on the Insert tab, click Table.]

BURNS 8 Figures title: Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Figure 1 . [Include all figures in their own section, following references (and footnotes and tables, if applicable). Include a numbered caption for each figure. Use the Table/Figure style for easy spacing between figure and caption.] For more information about all elements of APA formatting, please consult the APA Style Manual, 6th Edition .