MAAE2700 Lab 02 Template
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Mechanical Engineering
Date
Jan 9, 2024
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Lab
Report
Template
Lab
2
-
Cold
Working
&
Annealing
Student
Name:
__Malik
McPherson
Student
No.
101238669
Date:
__10/05/2023
Lab
Group/Group
Members:
Ray,
Ryan,
Nathan,
Liam,
Avery,
Soroush,
Edward
1.
Summary
In
this
laboratory
experiment,
our
primary
objective
was
to
explore
the
impact
of
cold
working
and
annealing
on
the
mechanical
properties
of
metals.
We
conducted
a
series
of
tests
using
steel
and
brass
samples,
subjecting
them
to
cold
working
at
varying
pressures
and
subsequently
annealing
them
at
different
temperatures.
The
results
revealed
that
cold
working
increased
hardness
and
reduced
height,
while
annealing
reversed
these
effects
by
promoting
recovery
and
recrystallization.
Notably,
higher
annealing
temperatures
led
to
further
reductions
in
hardness.
We
also
compared
hot
rolled
and
cold
rolled
steel
samples,
finding
that
the
latter
exhibited
greater
hardness,
better
surface
quality,
and
edge
definition.
This
experiment
provided
valuable
insights
into
material
science
principles
and
their
practical
applications
in
metal
forming
and
annealing,
offering
a
deeper
understanding
of
the
behavior
of
metals
under
various
processing
conditions.
2.
Results
and
Observations
2.1
Record
the
hardness
and
height
of
each
sample
in
Table
#1
provided
below.
Ensure
to
indicate
the
proper
unit
of
measure
for
all
data
in
the
table.
Table
1:
Hardness,
height,
percent
cold
work
(%CW),
and
tensile
strength
(TS)
values
Sample
Material
Condition
Measurement
Units
Brass
SAE
1020
SAE
1045
Unknown
or
Calculation
steel
steel
steel
Initial
sample
Hardness
RB,
RC
RB,
72, 68,
72
RC,
28,
23,30
[RC,
27,
30, 25,
24RC,
27
Height
mm
11.12, 11.06,
7.92
6.8
8.1
11.07
5
tons
Hardness
RB
76, 74,
64
Height
mm
11.05, 11.04,
10.89
%CW
0.81%
Tensile
Strength
MPa
248.4, 241.2,
207.6
10
Tons
Hardness
RB,
RC
RB,
66, 72,
84
RC,
35,29,41
[RC,22,20,20
RRC,
21,5
Height
mm
9.06,
9.10,9.20
6.9
6.73
7.9
%CW
17.62%
12.88%
1.03%
2.47%
Tensile
Strength
181.8, 198.0,
103.0,
85.26,
64.68,
58.8,
63.09
248.4
119.94
82.25
20
Tons
Hardness
RB,
RC
RB,
92,
82,
95
RC,
25,
28.2,
26
RC,
16,
14,18
[RC,
26,
25
Height
mm
6.40, 6.40,
6.35
6.0
6.14
7.11
%CW
42.26%
23.48%
9.71%
10.99%
Tensile
Strength
MPa
317.4, 281.7,
73.5,82.968,
47.04,41.628,
189.94,
85.065
327.75
76.44
52.92
30
Tons
Hardness
RC
21.5,
25, 29,
16,
16,
12
25
28.5
Height
mm
4.63
4.45
5.01
%CW
41.56%
34.56%
37.96%
Tensile
Strength
MPa
74.49,85.26,
|53.04,
53.04,
85.065
98.94,
97.965
42.48
After
annealing
at
Hardness
RB,
RC
RB,
76, 67,
85,
90
RC,
32,
34,34
[RC,
34,
36,
37
RC,
28.5
300°Cfor15min.
|'fensile
Strength
|MPa
[262.2,229.95,
[110.4,118.3,
[118.3,126.2,
[98.325
295.05,
315
118.3
130.05
After
annealing
at
Hardness
RB
33,
49,
56, 36,
43
500°Cfor
15
min.
Fyensile
Strength
~
MPa
113.85, 166.05,
189.2, 123.3,
145.35
After
annealing
at
Hardness
RC
18,
20
10,
11,
15
A
800°Cfor
15min.
fensile
Strength
MPa
52.92,58.8
[29.4,
32.34,
44.1
[13.8
2.2
Attach
the
micrographs
of
the
70%CW,
and
70%CW
+
annealed
sample
in
the
space
provided
below.
Outline
a
grain
in
each
photograph
and
indicate
which
grain
is
“deformed”
versus
“annealed”.
Indicate
the
direction
of
applied
load
for
the
deformed
sample.
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Additional
Obgervations
Small
and
defdrmed
grain
boundaries
Relatively
unifgprm
shape
and
direction
for
grain
Hc
Grains
are
compressed
and
stretched
Direction
of
Applied
Load
Top
and
bottom
Bigger
grains
and
boundaries,
uncompressed
Non
uniform
shape
Random
direction
Additional
Observations
2.3
Record
your
observation
of
the hot
rolled
and
cold
rolled
steel
strips
at
your
workbench.
Make
comments
about
the
surface
appearance,
edge
definition,
and
thickness
of
each
sample.
Using
your
engineering
judgment,
indicate
which
sample
you
believe
is
cold
rolled
and
which
sample
you believe
is
hot
rolled
based
on
the
bend
test
and
your
observations.
Observations
of
Steel
Strip
1:
e
Surface
Appearance:
Steel
Strip
1
exhibits
a
somewhat
rougher
surface texture
compared
to
Steel
Strip
2,
with
visible
mill
scale,
which
appears
as
dark
patches
or
rough
spots
on
the
surface.
e
Edge
Definition:
The
edge
definition
of
Steel
Strip
1
is
somewhat
less
precise,
with
slightly
rounded
or
irregular
edges.
e
Thickness:
Steel
Strip
1
has
a
consistent
thickness
and
maintains
a
uniform
width
along
its
length.
e
Bend
Test:
Steel
Strip
1
resisted
straightening
to
some
extent
during
the
bend
test,
displaying
some
spring-back
and
retaining
partial
curvature.
Observations
of
Steel
Strip
2:
e
Surface
Appearance:
Steel
Strip
2
boasts
a
smoother
and
cleaner
surface
finish,
without
mill
scale.
The
surface
appears
polished
and
reflective.
e
Edge
Definition:
The
edge
definition
of
Steel
Strip
2
is
sharper
and
well-defined,
with
straight
and
precise
edges.
e
Thickness:
Steel
Strip
2
exhibits
a
consistent
thickness
and
maintains
a
uniform
width
along
its
length.
e
Bend
Test:
Steel
Strip
2
was
relatively
easy
to
straighten
during
the
bend
test,
displaying
minimal
spring-back
and
readily
returning
to
a
flat
position.
Based
on
these
observations
and
the
bend
test
results,
we
can
confidently
identify
Steel
Strip
1
as
the
hot
rolled
steel
strip
and
Steel
Strip
2
as
the
cold
rolled
steel
strip.
2.4
Calculate
the
total
percent
cold
work
(%CW)
for
all
samples
and
place
the
values
in
Table
#1
above.
Show
a
sample
calculation
in
the
space
provided
below.
SAE
1045:
%CW
at
20
tons:
[
(6.8
-
6.14)
/
6.8
]
x
100
=
9.71%
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2.5
Calculate
the
tensile
strength
(TS)
for
all
samples
and
place
the
values
in
Table
#1
above.
Show
a
sample
calculation
in
the
space
provided
below.
Brass
Tensile
Strength:
TS
=
3.45(HB)
Steel
Tensile
Strength:
TS
=
2.94(HB)
Tensile
Strength
of
Brass:
5
Tons
TS
=
3.45(71.33)
TS
=
246.09
MPa
2.6
Plot
the
following
relationships
for
each
of
the
three
materials
(Brass,
SAE
1020
steel,
and
the
unknown
steel).
Attach
your
plots
in
an
Appendix
at
the
end
of
this
template.
Ensure
that
the
x
and
y
axes
are
properly
labeled,
and
a
legend
is
constructed
for
each
plot
in
order
to
distinguish
the
curve
for
each
material.
2.6.1
Plot
hardness
versus
percent
cold
work.
2.6.2
Plot
hardness
versus
annealing
temperature.
2.6.3
Plot
tensile
strength
versus
percent
cold
work.
2.6.4
Plot
tensile
strength
versus
annealing
temperature.
2.7
In
the
space
below,
identify
the
unknown
steel
sample
and
provide
a
short
paragraph
to
justify
your
answet.
Based
on
the
data
provided
and
the
analysis
of
the
mechanical
properties,
it
is
likely
that
the
unknown
steel
sample
is
SAE
1020
steel.
Several
observations
support
this
conclusion.
Firstly,
the
hardness
values
of
the
unknown
steel
sample
closely
match
those
of
SAE
1020
steel
throughout
various
conditions
and
annealing
temperatures.
Secondly,
the
tensile
strength
values
for
the
unknown
steel
and SAE
1020
steel
exhibit
a
similar
trend,
especially
when
comparing
their
responses
to
different
levels
of
cold
work
and
annealing
temperatures.
These
similarities
in
mechanical
properties
strongly
indicate
that
the
unknown
steel
sample
is
consistent
with
the
known
properties
of
SAE
1020
steel.
3.
Provide
answers
to
the
questions
given
by
the
TA
and
attach
them
to
the
end
of
this
template.
Question
1:
Explain
cold
working
and
hot
working
processes
along
with
their
different
types,
advantages,
and
limitations.
Cold
Working:
e
Definition:
Cold
working
refers
to
the
process
of
deforming
metal
at
ambient
temperature
(typically
below
the
recrystallization
temperature).
e
Types:
Cold
working
processes
include
cold
rolling,
cold
drawing,
and
cold
extrusion.
e
Advantages:
e
Increased
strength
and
hardness.
e
Enhanced
surface
finish.
e
Limitations:
e
Reduced
formability
and
ductility.
e
Risk
of
cracking
during
severe
cold
working.
Hot
Working:
e
Definition:
Hot
working
involves
deforming
metal
at
temperatures
above
its
recrystallization
temperature.
e
Types:
Hot
working
processes
include
hot
rolling,
hot
forging,
and
hot
extrusion.
e
Advantages:
e
Improved
formability.
e
Reduced
energy
consumption.
e
Enhanced
mechanical
properties.
e
Limitations:
e
Surface
scaling
may
occur.
e
Limited
precision
compared
to
cold
working.
Question
2:
Discuss
annealing
process
in
depth,
heat
treatment
process.
Annealing
Process:
e
Definition:
Annealing
is
a
heat
treatment
process
that
involves
reheating
cold-worked
metal
to
a
specific
temperature
(annealing
temperature)
followed
by
controlled
cooling.
e
Stages:
Annealing
involves
several
stages:
e
Recovery:
Reduction
of
internal
stresses.
e
Recrystallization:
Formation
of
new,
smaller,
and
regular
grains.
e
Grain
Growth:
Growth
of
new
grains
at
the
expense
of
neighboring
grains.
e
Changes
in
Mechanical
Properties:
e
Ductility
increases
in
the
recovery
stage.
e
Mechanical
properties
are
significantly
altered.
e
Annealing
Temperature:
Approximately
one-half
the
melting
point
in
Kelvin.
e
Applications:
Annealing
is
used
to
relieve
internal
stresses,
increase
ductility,
and
modify
mechanical
properties.
Question
3:
Explain
different
hardness
measurement
devices
used
in
our
Lab.
In
the
lab,
various
hardness
measurement
devices
are
employed
to
assess
the
mechanical
properties
of
materials.
The
primary
hardness
tests
include:
e
Brinell
Hardness
Test:
This
test
uses
a
hardened
steel
ball
indenter
to
measure
the
resistance
of
a
material
to
penetration.
The
Brinell
hardness
number
(HB)
is
calculated
based
on
the
diameter
of
the
impression
and
the
load
applied.
Brinell
hardness
is
suitable
for
materials
with
HB
<
600.
¢
Vickers
Hardness
Test:
The
Vickers
test
employs
a
square-based
diamond
indenter.
It
measures
the
lengths
of
diagonals
of
the
impression
to
determine
the
Vickers
pyramid
number
(VH).
Vickers
hardness
tests
use
lower
loads
(5
kg
to
120
kg)
and
are
used
for
hard
materials.
Appendix
A:
Plots
Hardness
vs.
Percent
Cold
Work
for
Different
Matenals
%0
1
—e—
Brass
~&~
SAE
1020
80
1
—e~
Unknown
Steel
70
-
)
-3
g
907
Ly
c
B
30
1
n
r
40
A
30
-
ST
——
0
10
20
30
40
Percent
Cold
Work
Hardness
vs.
Annealing
Temperature
for
Different
Matenals
80
—&—
Brass
70
1
~&—
SAE
1020
—&—
Unknown
Steel
g
807
o
S
50
-
m
=3
v
907
v
@
E31e
o
r
20
1
@
10
-
&
300
400
500
600
700
800
Annealing
Temperature
(°C)
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Tensile
Strength
vs.
Percent
Cold
Work
for
Different
Materials
o
Brass
e~
SAE1020
—e~
Unknown
Steel
g
0B
8
“Ensie
Strength
(MPa)
100
—
[
)
E)
E)
£
Percent
Cold
Work
Tensile
Strength
s
Annealing
Temperature
for
Different
Materials
-
Brass
%0
o~
SAE1020
~o~
Unknown
Steel
g
£
g
E10
H
.
Zw0ie
I
©
.
.
30
w0
500
&0
00
0
Annealing
Temperature
(°C)
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- Question 1 You are working on a design team at a small orthopaedic firm. You have been asked to select a cobalt- chrome-molybdenum (CoCr) material that will not experience plastic deformation under a specific mechanical test, as follows... A tensile stress is applied along the long axis of a solid cylindrical rod that has a diameter of 10 mm. An applied load of some magnitude F produces a 7x10³ mm change in diameter (see figure below, original shape is blue, elongated shape is unshaded). Q1H: Provide a brief rationale based on calculations used to support your answer. That is, how would you explain the behavior of the "new alloy" material to your design team? Table of properties: Assume Poisson's ratio is 0.3 for all materials Process Elastic Modulus (GPa) Material CoCr F75 As cast/Annealed 210 CoCr F90 Hot forged New alloy Z X ↑ F df O 210 110 Yield Strength (MPa) 450-517 900-1200 600 Tensile Strength (MPa) 655-890 1400-1600 700arrow_forwardQuestion 1 You are working on a design team at a small orthopaedic firm. You have been asked to select a cobalt- chrome-molybdenum (CoCr) material that will not experience plastic deformation under a specific mechanical test, as follows... A tensile stress is applied along the long axis of a solid cylindrical rod that has a diameter of 10 mm. An applied load of some magnitude F produces a 7x10³ mm change in diameter (see figure below, original shape is blue, elongated shape is unshaded). Q1C-D: Using the table of material properties below, calculate the magnitude of stress (o) and applied load (F) required to produce the 7x10-³ mm change in diameter for rods fabricated from F75 CoCr alloy (as cast) and F90 CoCr alloy (hot forged) materials.arrow_forwardQuestion 1 You are working on a design team at a small orthopaedic firm. You have been asked to select a cobalt- chrome-molybdenum (CoCr) material that will not experience plastic deformation under a specific mechanical test, as follows... A tensile stress is applied along the long axis of a solid cylindrical rod that has a diameter of 10 mm. An applied load of some magnitude F produces a 7x10-³ mm change in diameter (see figure below, original shape is blue, elongated shape is unshaded). Q1E: Of those two materials (F75 CoCr alloy (as cast) and F90 CoCr alloy (hot forged)), which materials would you select to assure that the deformation is entirely elastic (No yield!)?arrow_forward
- Question 1 You are working on a design team at a small orthopaedic firm. You have been asked to select a cobalt- chrome-molybdenum (CoCr) material that will not experience plastic deformation under a specific mechanical test, as follows... A tensile stress is applied along the long axis of a solid cylindrical rod that has a diameter of 10 mm. An applied load of some magnitude F produces a 7x10-³ mm change in diameter (see figure below, original shape is blue, elongated shape is unshaded). Q1G: If your design required using the new material to create a wire, what is the largest diameter that would lead to ductile behavior while still avoiding plastic deformation when exposed to the above loading conditions?arrow_forwardB7arrow_forwardThe project has already been completed, just go through it and confirm if the measurements and picture provided fits the description and specified measurements, PLEASE DRAW THE STRUCTURES PER SPECIFICATIONS BOTH DISMANTELED AND CONSTRUCTED!!!arrow_forward
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Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9781305387102
Author:Kreith, Frank; Manglik, Raj M.
Publisher:Cengage Learning