Construct & Install Timber Stairs: Learner Workbook CPCCCA3016

Learner Activity Workbook CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package Learner name: _______________________________ This Workbook incorporates the following unit: CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 2 of 100 Disclaimer: This work is under copyright and permission is not given to make copies for hire or resale to third parties to use the resources for their own or commercial use. ATAR Resources Group Pty Ltd does not give warranty or accept any legal liability in relation to the content of this work. Licenced to: Nova Institute of Technology RTO Code: 29184 Level 4, 220 Albert Road South Melbourne VIC 3205 Copyright: © ATAR Resources Group Pty Ltd 2021 www.atardesign.com.au Developed by: This resource was written and developed by ATAR Resources Group and contextualised and validated by NOVA. Acknowledgement: Thanks to ATAR Resources Group and NOVA staff for their consultation and development work. Version: NOVA V1

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 3 of 100 Contents Unit of competency ..................................................................................................................... 7 Overview/Competency demonstration .......................................................................................... 7 CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs ............................................... 7 Plan and prepare. ................................................................................................................ 7 Set out stair components. ..................................................................................................... 7 Assemble and install stairs. ................................................................................................... 8 Fit handrails, balustrade and finish. ....................................................................................... 8 Clean up. ............................................................................................................................. 8 Learner Activity Workbook Overview ............................................................................................ 9 Instructions .............................................................................................................................. 10 Learning Activities .............................................................................................................. 10 Simulated Learning Activities .............................................................................................. 10 Self-Assessment Questionnaire ........................................................................................... 10 Section 1 – Plan and prepare ..................................................................................................... 11 BCA Requirements ............................................................................................................. 11 General ............................................................................................................................. 11 Stairs ................................................................................................................................ 12 Terminology ...................................................................................................................... 12 Members in a Staircase ...................................................................................................... 15 Members in a Balustrade .................................................................................................... 17 Stair Construction Procedure .............................................................................................. 19 National Standard .............................................................................................................. 19 Managing risks ................................................................................................................... 20 Ways to minimise the risk of falls ........................................................................................ 20 Safety ............................................................................................................................... 20 What is workplace safety? .................................................................................................. 21 How do you know what safety requirements apply to your workplace? .................................. 21 Acts, regulations, codes and standards ................................................................................ 22 Duty of Care ...................................................................................................................... 22 Identify work health and safety hazards, assess risks and implement suitable controls ........... 22 Acts, regulations, codes and standards ................................................................................ 22 WHS legal pyramid ............................................................................................................. 23 List of WHS legislation, regulations and workplace safety authorities ..................................... 23 Guidance material .............................................................................................................. 25 National Code of Practice for Induction for Construction Work .............................................. 25 Policies and Procedures ...................................................................................................... 25 Policies .............................................................................................................................. 26 What should a policy contain? ............................................................................................. 26 Procedures ........................................................................................................................ 26 Induction ........................................................................................................................... 26 Hazards and risks ............................................................................................................... 27 Types of hazards ............................................................................................................... 28 Acute and chronic hazards .................................................................................................. 29 Incident reporting .............................................................................................................. 31 Notifiable incidents ............................................................................................................. 31 Types of risks .................................................................................................................... 31 Risk assessment rating matrix ............................................................................................. 32 Likelihood .......................................................................................................................... 32 Consequence ..................................................................................................................... 33 Risk management priority ................................................................................................... 34 Hierarchy of Control ........................................................................................................... 34 Personal protective equipment (PPE) ................................................................................... 35

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 4 of 100 Barricades ......................................................................................................................... 36 Signage ............................................................................................................................. 37 Read and follow safety warning signs .................................................................................. 37 Safety signage on the construction site ............................................................................... 37 Plant and equipment maintenance ...................................................................................... 39 Material quantity requirements are calculated in accordance with plans, specifications and quality requirements .................................................................................................... 40 Steps have several important parts ..................................................................................... 40 Where to start ................................................................................................................... 40 Materials appropriate to the work application are identified, obtained, prepared, safely handled and located ready for use ................................................................................................... 41 Timber Grade .................................................................................................................... 42 Timber Stairs and Outdoor Stairs ........................................................................................ 42 Hardwood Stair Treads ....................................................................................................... 43 Treated Pine Stair Treads ................................................................................................... 43 Deck Stairs with Galvanised Steel Stringers ......................................................................... 43 Hardwood Stairs – Closed In ................................................................................................ 43 Treated Pine Stairs – Closed In ............................................................................................ 43 Wrap Around Stairs ............................................................................................................ 43 Moisture Content ............................................................................................................... 44 Joint Priming ..................................................................................................................... 44 Termite Protection ............................................................................................................. 44 Environmental requirements ............................................................................................... 45 Environment requirements ................................................................................................. 45 Environmental requirements ............................................................................................... 46 Resource efficiency and waste minimisation ......................................................................... 46 Re-use and disposal of soil ................................................................................................. 47 Project Environmental Management Plan ............................................................................. 47 Learning Activities Section 1 ...................................................................................................... 48 Section 2 – Set out and prepare material ................................................................................... 50 Determine Total Rise on Sloping Ground ............................................................................. 50 Stairs without landing- Land sloping towards building: ......................................................... 50 Rise and going of stairs are calculated from job drawings, site location and regulations. ........ 53 Timber sizes ...................................................................................................................... 53 Establish tread (going) and riser size ................................................................................... 53 Newel posts and footings are set out and placed to layout of designed stairs, job drawings and specifications. .................................................................................................................... 54 Tenons at ends of stringer .................................................................................................. 54 Materials for stringers are selected and set out to the pitch of stairs with treads and risers according to regulations. .................................................................................................... 57 Stringer material ................................................................................................................ 57 Pitch Board ........................................................................................................................ 57 Margin Template ................................................................................................................ 58 Steel Square ...................................................................................................................... 59 Stringers ........................................................................................................................... 59 Marking out strings ............................................................................................................ 59 String End Joints ................................................................................................................ 62 Material for treads are selected and risers are set out and cut to length to requirements of stair design. .............................................................................................................................. 63 Treads .............................................................................................................................. 63 Risers ................................................................................................................................ 63 Materials for External Stairs without Riser Boards (Open Stairs) ............................................ 64 Timber Durability and Species ............................................................................................. 64 Learning Activities Section 2 ...................................................................................................... 66

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 5 of 100 Section 3 – Assemble and erect stairs ........................................................................................ 68 Assembly ........................................................................................................................... 68 Landing is constructed where specified ................................................................................ 69 Treads and risers are fixed to the stringers .......................................................................... 70 Tie bolts are located and secured to maintain stair width where specified .............................. 70 Bracing and lateral ties are fixed to newels in accordance with specifications to maintain rigidity of stair structure where specified. ....................................................................................... 70 Newels .............................................................................................................................. 70 Straight stairs .................................................................................................................... 70 Newel stairs ....................................................................................................................... 70 Learning Activities Section 3 ...................................................................................................... 71 Section 4 – Fit handrails, balustrade and finish ........................................................................... 72 Balustrades and Handrails .................................................................................................. 72 Loads ................................................................................................................................ 73 Durability ........................................................................................................................... 74 Timber Grade .................................................................................................................... 74 Handrails ........................................................................................................................... 75 Posts/Newel Posts .............................................................................................................. 76 Infill/Balusters ................................................................................................................... 76 Posts ................................................................................................................................. 77 Weathering, Finishes and Maintenance ................................................................................ 78 External Stairs and Balustrades ........................................................................................... 79 Un-primed Timber .............................................................................................................. 79 Pre-primed LOSP Treated Timber ........................................................................................ 79 Non-slip strips are installed to treads, where specified. ......................................................... 79 Non-Slip Tapes Installation Instructions ............................................................................... 80 Learning Activities Section 4 ...................................................................................................... 81 Section 5 – Clean up ................................................................................................................. 83 Work area is cleared and materials disposed of, reused or recycled in accordance with legislation, regulations, codes of practice and job specification ............................................. 83 Waste management ........................................................................................................... 83 Recycling materials ............................................................................................................ 83 Cleaning ............................................................................................................................ 83 Construction waste management and disposal ..................................................................... 84 Recycling construction waste .............................................................................................. 84 Minimising waste on construction sites ................................................................................ 84 Skips and waste removal .................................................................................................... 84 Regional limitations ............................................................................................................ 84 Hazardous chemicals and dangerous goods ......................................................................... 84 Plant, tools and equipment are cleaned, checked, maintained and stored in accordance with manufacturer recommendations and standard work practices ............................................... 85 Tools, plant and equipment ................................................................................................ 85 Inspection ......................................................................................................................... 85 Maintenance ...................................................................................................................... 86 Storage of tools, plant and equipment ................................................................................. 86 Shipping containers and lock up storage boxes .................................................................... 86 Safe working areas ............................................................................................................ 86 Safe plant and equipment ................................................................................................... 86 Safe isolation ..................................................................................................................... 86 Learning Activities Section 5 ...................................................................................................... 87 Further Reading ....................................................................................................................... 89 Learning Activities Record ......................................................................................................... 90 Unit of competency ................................................................................................................... 90 Instructions for the Learner ................................................................................................ 90

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 6 of 100 Instructions for the Trainer ................................................................................................. 90 Simulated Learning Activities ..................................................................................................... 91 Simulated Learning Activities Record .......................................................................................... 95 Unit of competency ................................................................................................................... 95 Instructions for the Learner ................................................................................................ 95 Instructions for the Trainer ................................................................................................. 95 Self-Assessment Questionnaire – Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs ................ 96 Self-Assessment Record ............................................................................................................ 98 Unit of competency ................................................................................................................... 98 Instructions for the Learner ................................................................................................ 98 Instructions for the Trainer ................................................................................................. 98 Final Learning Participation Outcome Record .............................................................................. 99 Unit of competency ................................................................................................................... 99

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 7 of 100 Unit of competency CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs Overview/Competency demonstration This Workbook covers the following unit of competency: CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs This unit of competency specifies the skills and knowledge required to construct, assemble and install timber external stairs of one or more flights to provide access into a building or structure, meeting all relevant requirements of the National Construction Code (NCC), Australian Standards, work health and safety (WHS), and Commonwealth and state or territory legislation. The unit includes external stairs: • installed from ground level to a landing • constructed with open risers and with housed strings or metal brackets to accommodate treads • freestanding or installed against an existing wall • incorporating timber treads, stringers and balustrading. Completion of the general construction induction training program specified by the model Code of Practice for Construction Work is required for any person who is to carry out construction work. Achievement of CPCCWHS1001Prepare to work safely in the construction industry meets this requirement. No licensing, legislative or certification requirements apply to this unit at the time of publication. To demonstrate your competency in this unit you will need to provide evidence of your ability to: Plan and prepare. ✓ Read and interpret work instructions and plan sequence of work. ✓ Plan all work to comply with laws and regulations, the National Construction Code (NCC), Australian Standards, work health and safety (WHS) and environmental requirements, manufacturers’ specifications, workplace requirements, drawings and specifications. ✓ Select tools and equipment, check for serviceability and report any faults. ✓ Select and use personal protective equipment (PPE) for each part of the task. ✓ Inspect work site, locate services, assess hazards and apply risk controls, including required signage and barricades. ✓ Select materials required for task, calculate quantities, handle safely and prepare and position ready for use. Set out stair components. ✓ Determine exit and ground finish levels from site drawings and location. ✓ Calculate rise and going of stairs. ✓ Set out newel posts to layout of designed stairs. ✓ Set out risers and goings to regulated pitch of stairs on stringers. ✓ House stringers to accommodate treads or fix metal brackets to support treads. ✓ Set out and cut material for treads to length.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 8 of 100 Assemble and install stairs. ✓ Cut stringers and attach into newel posts and landings. ✓ Fix treads to stringers. ✓ Locate and secure bolts to maintain stair width. ✓ Fix bracing and lateral ties to newels to maintain rigidity of stair structure. Fit handrails, balustrade and finish. ✓ Mark material for handrails and balusters and cut to length. ✓ Fit and fix handrails and balusters. ✓ Install non-slip finish to treads. Clean up. ✓ Clean up, meeting all legislative and workplace requirements for safety, waste disposal, materials handling and protection of the environment. ✓ Check, maintain and store tools and equipment and report any faults. Prerequisite units: CPCCWHS2001 Apply WHS requirements, policies and procedures in the construction industry. https://training.gov.au/Training/Details/CPCCCA3016

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 9 of 100 Learner Activity Workbook Overview The content of this Learner Activity Workbook is designed to monitor your learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by your Trainer to improve their teaching, and by you to improve your learning. The Learner Activity Workbook incorporates the following tasks, to help you identify your areas of strength, and target areas of work: • Learning Activities • Simulated Learning Activities • Self-Assessment Questionnaire This Learner Activity Workbook does not need to be submitted to your Trainer, however the ‘ Final Learning Participation Outcome Record’ sheets for this unit of competency are required to be submitted as evidence of participation and readiness for assessment.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 10 of 100 Instructions Learning Activities • After each section within this Learner Activity Workbook, there is a series of Learning Activities. These activities are useful to consolidate your learning, and to identify any areas in which you may require further learning. • You must answer all questions in the Learning Activities. • Your answers to these questions will form part of your participation of learning evidence gathered to determine your readiness for assessment. • You must sign, date and submit the ‘ Learning Activities Record’, once you complete the Learning Activities. Simulated Learning Activities • The Simulated Learning Activities are to be completed in a simulated learning environment, under specific instruction by your Trainer. • Simulated Learning Activities incorporate case studies, scenarios and lifelike examples, to support positive learning for the Learner to replicate real experiences that occur in a workplace setting. Where applicable, scenarios have forms and templates that are provided. • To complete the Simulated Learning Activities, the following resources are required: - Simulated Policies and Procedures - Simulated Work plans, drawings and specifications - Learner Activity Workbook • Where Simulated Activities require specific resources, these will be listed in the Simulated Activity task instructions. • The Learner must sign, date, and submit the ‘Simulated Learning Activities Record’, once they complete the Simulated Learning. Self-Assessment Questionnaire • At the end of this Workbook there is a Self-Assessment Questionnaire that you must complete to show that you are ready to be assessed in this unit of competency. • You must answer all questions in the Self-Assessment Questionnaire. • Your answers to these questions will form part of your participation of learning evidence gathered to determine your readiness for assessment. • You must sign, date and submit the ‘ Self-Assessment Record’, once you complete the Self - Assessment Questionnaire. Note: The ‘ Final Learning Participation Outcome Record’ sheet must be submitted to your Trainer, before you can commence assessment.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 11 of 100 Section 1 – Plan and prepare Work instructions, including plans, specifications, quality requirements and operational details, are obtained, confirmed and applied from relevant information for planning and preparation purposes BCA Requirements The BCA's regulation standards for stairs and balustrades are primarily focused on resolving the safety concerns connected with slips, trips, and falls. To maintain regulatory compliance, the basic BCA standards relating to stair and balustrade geometry, opening width, landing widths, handrail heights, and so on must be properly followed. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘NCC: Meeting the performance requirements’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TQqrriXdC8 General Stairs, handrails, and balustrades must comply with the Australian Building Code for all classes of buildings (BCA). The BCA specifies design and construction criteria for the various components, including conformity with AS 1170.1 ‘Structural design Actions Part 1: Permanent, imposed, and other actions' loading rules. Stairs, handrails, and balustrades must comply with the Australian Building Code for all classes of buildings (BCA). The BCA specifies design and construction criteria for the various components, including conformity with AS 1170.1 ‘Structural design Actions Part 1: Permanent, imposed, and other actions' loading rules. The following provides a brief summary of some of the BCA requirements. For full details refer to the BCA.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 12 of 100 Stairs A summary of the requirements of the BCA for straight flights of stairs is given below. Each flight must have no more than 18 or less than 2 risers. • The normally dimension of goings and risers of a stair must be constant throughout each stair flight. • The riser opening must not allow a 125mm sphere to pass through between the treads. • The going (G), riser (R) and slope relationship quantity (2R+G) must be in accordance with table 2.1. • Landings must be not less than 750mm long and where this involves a change in direction, the length is measured 500mm from the inside edge of the landing. • Landings must be provided where the sill of a threshold of a doorway opens on to a stair that provides a change in floor level or floor to ground level greater than 3 risers or 570mm NOTE: The BCA does not prescribe a minimum width for stairs. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘Building and fitting straight flight of stairs in 1 minute’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dSmoG9vgeM

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 13 of 100 Terminology Flight That portion of stairs that has a continuous series or risers, including risers of winders, not interrupted by a landing or floor Going The horizontal dimension of a tread from front to rear, less any overhang from the tread above it (front of a riser line to front of the next riser line). Going rod A rod on which the length of the flight, as well as the going of each step and the going and position of the landings, are marked. Height rod A rod on which the rise of flights and the rising of each tread are indicated. Landing joist A beam that runs between landing trimmers to support the flooring or decking Landing trimmer A beam at the front of a landing which supports the landing joists, newel posts and top of each flight Line of nosing or nosing line A line that runs from the front top edge of all treads, landings, and/or the floor to the front top edge of all treads, landings, and/or the floor. When the tread nosing projects in front of the face of the riser board, it is a separate line from the margin line. Margin line A line marked on the inside face of the string 38 to 50mm parallel to the top edge. From this line the housings are usually positioned. Margin template To designate the margin line, a gauge is placed against the top edge of the string. It's used in conjunction with the sloped roof to indicate where the treads and risers should go. Pitch board A triangular template, commonly formed of galvanised iron or plywood, with one side equal to the going and the riser on the other side at right angles to the going. (An option would be a roof square with a fence.) Riser The height between consecutive treads (top of tread to top of next tread)

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 14 of 100 Spandrel framing Vertical framing and panels which may infill the triangular space between the underside of the outer string and the floor. Stair, Stairs A triangular template, commonly formed of galvanised iron or plywood, with one side equal to the going and the riser on the other side at right angles to the going. (An option would be a roof square with a fence.) Stair soffit Plywood or plasterboard lining, etc., used to cover the underside of the stairs. Stair width The unobstructed width between the inside face of the handrails, or the stringers if no handrails are present. (Note that the BCA does not specify a minimum stair width.) Staircase Means the same as stair or stairs but includes that part of the building enclosing the stairs Stairway Generally, means the space provided for the stairs including the opening floor Step A combination of a tread and riser. One unit in stairs Total going The horizontal distance between the front edge of the first or bottom tread in the lower flight and the front edge of the floor or landing at the top of the steps, measured in one direction over one or more flights, including intermediate landings. The horizontal measurement from the face of the first or lowest riser to the face of the last or top riser in the stairwell if risers are installed. Total rise The vertical measurement from the top of the first (lowest) floor or ground to the top of the last (highest) floor regardless of the number of flights in the stair. Undercarriage or carriage piece An additional heavy timber support system fitted beneath wide stairs.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 15 of 100 Members in a Staircase String, stringers or string boards The slanted elements of a stair that operate as a beam and span from the bottom to the top of each flight, supporting the treads and risers' ends. Treads When ascending or descending a flight, the horizontal elements on which the foot is placed. Step bolt (tie bolt) A horizontal threaded rod commonly used to tie the stringers together in external open flight stairs. Riser boards Between each tread, the vertical planks are fastened. Their role is to seal the gaps between the treads while also supporting and stiffening them. Nosing The front edge of a tread that may or may not be projecting over the riser. It is usually rounded. Scotia A concave face on a tiny moulding. Some boxed staircases may have it installed against the top face of the riser and under the nosing (rarely used these days). Newels The posts at the top and bottom of flights to which strings and balustrades are fixed. Newels may also support landings and form part of balustrades. Landing An area (floor or resting place) at the top or bottom of a flight or between two flights. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘Stair components and terminology’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGQvUw_aApQ

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 16 of 100 Stairs and landings: Source: https://www.ozstair.com.au/basic-components/

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 17 of 100 Members in a Balustrade Balustrade A railing or coping with supporting balusters. Balusters, handrail, bottom rail, or string capping make up an open balustrade. Instead of balusters, a solid balustrade could contain panelling, glass, or Perspex. Balusters Vertical members which infill the space beneath and support the handrail Handrail The support for the hands at the side of the stairs or landings/decks, etc Bottom rail (string) The lowest horizontal member in a balustrade that supports the balusters Mid rail A rail parallel to and between a handrail and bottom rail or string Handrail support A vertical piece of timber fixed between the string and handrail to strengthen the handrail and mid rail. String capping A timber member fixed to the top edge of the string to receive the balusters. False tenon A piece of hardwood is put into place in a mortice in the newel post and a mortice or groove in the handrail. Rails can be easily attached to newel posts using this style of junction.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 18 of 100 Balustrades and handrails: Source: https://www.houspect.com.au/wa/balustrades/ Source: https://www.ozstair.com.au/ncc-regulations/

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 19 of 100 Safety (OHS) requirements are followed in accordance with safety plans and policies. Signage and barricade requirements are identified and implemented Stair Construction Procedure Before any construction work, a SWMS may be prepared and used for work activities that are carried out on a regular basis. This sort of SWMS' content may be updated over time and may include collaboration with workers and other PCBUs. The SWMS must be evaluated and changed before to each new activity to verify that it applies to high-risk construction work and the actual workplace. The SWMS must be kept and be available for inspection until at least the high-risk construction work is completed. Where a SWMS is revised, all versions should be kept. If a notifiable incident happens during high-risk construction activity to which the SWMS applies, the SWMS must be retained for at least two years after the notifiable incident occurs. If construction work at the workplace has stopped at that time, the PCBU should maintain the SWMS on hand for inspection. People on or near construction sites must be advised of any hazardous operations that are taking place, according to health and safety legislation. Builders must guarantee that a suitable number of general safety signs and/or separating the area with temporary barricading are constructed at the workplace before any construction work begins, depending on the size and complexity of the working site. National Standard Under the National Standard, clients, designers, persons in charge of building projects or works, and people executing the actual construction work all have health and safety responsibilities. The National Standard addresses a number of concerns that must be addressed in order to ensure the safety of construction workers. These include: • Consultation between clients, designers, persons with control of work, and workers on providing a safe environment for all work at heights • Design and planning considerations for working at height • Fall hazard identification, risk assessment and control • Taking appropriate steps where there is a risk that a person could fall 2 metres or more, which can include the provision of physical fall prevention measures, so far as is reasonably practicable, and the preparation of a SWMS • Ensuring that the provision of fall prevention measures does not introduce new risks • Monitoring the performance of prevention measures • The provision of information, instruction and training on safe work at heights • Providing adequate supervision to ensure that fall prevention is provided and used in accordance with the risk assessment and any applicable SWMS • Emergency procedures for working at height, and • Safe access to and egress from work areas where there is a risk of falling.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 20 of 100 Managing risks Under the model WHS Regulations, a PCBU is required to manage the danger of someone falling from one level to another as far as is reasonably possible. This includes requirements to: • Ensure any work involving the risk of a fall is carried out on the ground or on a solid construction. • Provide safe means to access and exit a workplace. • Minimise the risk of falls by providing a fall prevention device, work positioning system or a fall arrest system. Ways to minimise the risk of falls Eliminating the necessity for workers to work at heights is a good way to protect them from falling. Another preventative measure is to instal a fall prevention device. This includes any equipment, such as guard rails or barriers, that is designed to prevent a fall when someone is working from a height temporarily and does not need to be modified by workers once placed. During the planning and design stages, fall prevention measures should be considered. Examples include roof safety mesh, guardrails, barricades, scaffolding, and elevating work platforms. It is necessary to develop work practises for installing, operating, and maintaining the system. Working at heights | Safe Work Australia. https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/heights Safety Safety is the most important issue in all construction tasks. Setting out tasks may be considered relatively low risk; however, any worker on a construction site must follow all site safety Regulations and procedures. If you’re new to a worksite or attempting a task for the first time, you’ll be required to fill out a job safety analysis (JSA) to identify any potential hazards and make plans for minimising the risks to yourself, your workmates and the public. Common construction site safety hazards include: • Obstacles and uneven ground • Manual handling • The environment, e.g. rain, wind and UV rays from the sun • Dust • Noise • Human and mechanical traffic • High-risk situations, e.g. demolition or excavation.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 21 of 100 What is workplace safety? Work health and safety (WHS) is about ensuring safe and healthy working conditions, and preventing illness and injury in the workplace. WHS laws set out the obligations of both employers (your boss) and employees (you). The Australian OHS/WHS legal framework consists of a tiered hierarchy of Act, Regulation, Codes of Practice and Standards. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘What does safe at work mean?’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5OrQjft8zM How do you know what safety requirements apply to your workplace? Recently the old OHS laws have been replaced with the new Work Health and Safety Act. There are a range of new Codes of Practice, safety standards, regulations and insurance impacts that affect the workplace. Each workplace will have different WHS requirements that must be met. At the most basic level an employer is required to provide a safe workplace as reasonably practicable. You can access your relevant state legislation at http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au .

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 22 of 100 Acts, regulations, codes and standards Duty of Care All personnel have a legal responsibility under duty of care to do everything reasonably practicable to protect others from harm by complying with safe work practices, including activities that require licences, tickets or certificates of competency or any other relevant state and territory WHS requirements. This includes: • Employers and self-employed persons • Persons in control of the work site • Supervisors • Designers, Manufacturers and Suppliers of plant and equipment • Workers/employees/personnel including people from a range of cultural, social and religious backgrounds and with a range of physical and mental abilities. • Sub-contractors Identify work health and safety hazards, assess risks and implement suitable controls Acts, regulations, codes and standards The Australian WHS legal framework consists of a tiered hierarchy of Act, Regulation, Codes of Practice and Standards. Acts Set out general safety requirements and enforcement policies. Regulations Set out safety requirements for specific industries and tasks – what must be done (i.e. provide safe plant) but give limited details on how to make it safe. Codes of Practices and Industry Standards Are guidelines that give examples on how to carry out the task safely. They are the minimum standard to be followed unless an equal or better standard can be provided. Acts Set out general safety requirements and enforcement policies. Regulations Set out safety requirements for specific industries and tasks – what must be done (i.e. provide safe plant) but give limited details on how to make it safe. Codes of Practices and Industry Standards Are guidelines that give examples on how to carry out the task safely. They are the minimum standard to be followed unless an equal or better standard can be provided.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 23 of 100 WHS legal pyramid Elements of the WHS legislation and how the fit together. List of WHS legislation, regulations and workplace safety authorities (Current as of January 2019) Legislation Federal Work Health and Safety Act (2011) ACT Work Health and Safety Act (2011) NSW Work Health and Safety Act (2011) NT Work Health and Safety (National Uniform Legislation) Act (2011) QLD Work Health and Safety Act (2011) SA Work Health and Safety Act 2012 TAS Work Health and Safety Act 2012 VIC Occupational Health and Safety Act (2004) WA Occupational Safety and Health Act (1984) Acts Regulations Codes of Practice Australian Standards Industry Standards and Guidance Notes

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 24 of 100 Regulations Federal Work Health and Safety Regulations (2011) ACT Work Health and Safety Regulation (2011) NSW Work Health and Safety Regulation (2017) NT Work Health and Safety (National Uniform Legislation) Regulations QLD Work Health and Safety Regulation (2011) SA Work Health and Safety Regulations (2012) TAS Work Health and Safety Regulations (2012) VIC Occupational Health and Safety Regulations (2017) WA Occupational Safety and Health Regulations (1996) List of ‘legislation’ websites (where each jurisdiction ‘stores’ their legislation) Federal www.comlaw.gov.au ACT www.legislation.act.gov.au NSW www.legislation.nsw.gov.au NT www.dcm.nt.gov.au QLD www.legislation.qld.gov.au SA www.legislation.sa.gov.au TAS www.thelaw.tas.gov.au VIC www.legislation.vic.gov.au WA www.slp.wa.gov.au

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 25 of 100 Workplace safety statutory bodies Federal Safe Work Australia www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au ACT WorkSafe ACT www.worksafe.act.gov.au NSW SafeWork NSW www.safework.nsw.gov.au NT NT WorkSafe www.worksafe.nt.gov.au QLD Workplace Health and Safety Queensland www.worksafe.qld.gov.au SA SafeWork SA www.safework.sa.gov.au TAS WorkSafe Tasmania www.worksafe.tas.gov.au VIC WorkSafe Victoria www.worksafe.vic.gov.au WA WorkSafe WA www.worksafe.wa.gov.au Guidance material Each statutory authority provides a range of guidance material, such as Compliance Codes, codes of practice, alerts, notes and so on. Often, the guidance material relates to a topic (e.g. PPE) or industry (e.g. Horticulture, Mining). Search the relevant authority website for either the topic, industry sector or other suitable term.’ National Code of Practice for Induction for Construction Work The National Standard for Construction Work [NOHSC:1016 (2005)] (the National Standard), aims to protect persons from the hazards associated with construction work. This Code of Practice provides guidance to persons working in the general and residential construction sectors on the types of induction training that may be needed to provide construction workers with an awareness and understanding of common hazards on construction sites and how they should be managed. Read the National Standard at: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1702/inductionforconstructionwork_ 2007_pdf.pdf Policies and Procedures An employer should, so far as is reasonably practicable, provide and maintain for employees a working environment that is safe and without risks to health. ‘Reasonably practicable’ has regard to: • The severity of the hazard or risk. • The state of knowledge about that hazard or risk and any ways of removing or mitigating it. • The availability and suitability of ways to remove or mitigate the hazard or risk. • The cost of removing or minimising that hazard or risk. [OHS Act Vic 20(2)] This includes: • Providing and maintaining plant or systems of work that are, safe and without risks to health. • Providing information, instruction, training or supervision necessary to enable employees to perform their work in a way that is safe and without risks to health. In order to meet these requirements, policies and procedures should be developed for the workplace.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 26 of 100 Policies There may be a need for many workplace policies including general WHS, environmental, workplace bullying and intimidation, alcohol and drugs, etc. A policy describes: • The desired standard • A timeframe • Management’s commitment to fulfilling the policy • What is expected of all employees in relation to the particular issue What should a policy contain? • The health and safety objectives of the business, and how the employer will implement the policy to achieve those objectives. • The WHS roles and responsibilities of managers, supervisors and all people with a role to play in health and safety. • That the policy was prepared in consultation with staff or their elected health and safety representatives. • The policy should be signed off by the business owner and a worker representative, and should have a date for review. All people affected by the policy should be informed about it. • Everyone should easily understand the policy. It may be necessary to translate it into other languages. Management should ensure that all people in the workplace are made aware of the policy. Its contents need to be clearly explained. Everyone should be encouraged to ask questions of the employer if they do not understand their roles and responsibilities. Procedures A procedure sets out step-by-step instructions for how to deal with an activity in the workplace. Where there are workplace hazards and risks to the health and safety of people, the procedure sets out what to do at every stage of the activity to avoid accidents and injuries to all people. To develop a procedure all potential hazards should be considered. The steps should be in the correct sequence. Developing a safe system of work can be achieved by completing a Job Safety Analysis. Ensure that all aspects have been considered for the procedure. Once procedures are in place, workers should be trained to follow the procedures. Ideally, Standard Operating Procedures will be developed with the involvement of all people from the workplace who work at the tasks. Induction Every employer should have procedures that ensure a new employee is carefully and thoroughly inducted into the workplace. A variety of policies, procedures and forms may be used during this process and will be dependent on legislated requirements and individual business needs. An Enterprise WHS Consultation Procedure and Induction is a good starting point, as it ensures the importance of WHS and safe work practices are very evident from day one. Employees also have specific responsibilities: • To be responsible for your own health and safety • Act in a manner that will not affect the safety of yourself or others • Make a constructive contribution to workplace meetings, workplace activities, inspections • Raise OHS issues with designated personnel according to organisational procedures • Complete daily tasks and operate equipment following designated safe work procedures • To never work under the influence of drugs or alcohol • Correctly use and look after any Personal Protective Equipment provided • Follow all reasonable instructions • Participates in appropriate induction and training as required

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 27 of 100 For more information visit http://www.vwa.vic.gov.au/laws-and-regulations/worker-rights-and- responsibilities Many organisations cover the responsibilities of employees in their policies, procedures, induction programs, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and employee handbooks. These documents will give you some guidance into the expectations, culture and requirements of your workplace. Hazards and risks It is everyone’s respon sibility to ensure they identify and report hazards and risks in the workplace. A ‘hazard’ can be anything that has the potential to harm. Hazards can include things like – equipment or machinery, exposure to electrical currents, heights, loud noise, dangerous chemicals or substances and so on. A hazard is also known as the ‘source’ of potential harm/injury. Types of hazards can include exposure to: • Chemicals • Extreme heat or cold • Crushing • Unprotected equipment • Spillage • Infectious material (e.g. asbestos) • Lifting and moving equipment • Cuts and bruising • Uneven or slippery surfaces • Moving parts • Gas / Fuel • Falls from heights • Lack of oxygen • Contacting with moving parts • Electrical installations A ‘risk’ is the likelihood or level of impact determined when a hazard has been identified. The important thing to note is that the level of risk is dependent on the hazard and will either increase or decrease in impact and severity.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 28 of 100 Types of hazards The three main hazard groups: 1. Physical • Noise • Electrical • Radiation • Structural collapse/damage • Slips/falls • Temperature • Holes/trenches • Electrical safety work in confined spaces • Excavations, including trenches • Falling objects 2. Chemical • Gas • Dusts • Inhalation • Intoxication • Skin exposure to dangerous substances • Chemical spills 3. Biological hazards • Bodily fluids • Viruses • Bacteria • Blood borne/contracted diseases • HIV and other infectious diseases

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 29 of 100 Acute and chronic hazards ‘Acute hazards’ are those that have an obvious and immediate impact e.g. slippery floor where there is an immediate danger of someone slipping or being injured. ‘Chronic hazards’ have a more hidden, cumulative, long -term impact e.g. workplace bullying, where the long-term impact may result in stress or other psychological injury. Hazard management process: If you identify a hazard in your workplace you are obliged under the law to report it. Usually your employer will have a form to be completed. The information required includes; your name, the date and time, area and your supervisor’s name. You need to describe what happened or the nature of the hazard. The form also asks you to suggest some possible solutions to the problem. Identify the hazards Assess the risks Implement risk control measures

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 30 of 100 Watch the following You Tube video : ‘ Reducing slips, trips and falls on house construction sites ’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMqyinvXfZo Watch the following You Tube video: ‘Moving materials safely around house construction sites’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RZr6YLQPho Watch the following You Tube video: ‘Managing waste on house construction sites’: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muzvbOcezDc

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 31 of 100 Incident reporting The following information on incident reporting has been taken from https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/incident-reporting Certain sorts of workplace mishaps must be reported to your regulator, according to the model WHS Act. Only the most serious safety accidents must be reported to your regulator, and they trigger requirements to maintain the incident site pending further instructions from your regulator. Notifiable incidents Notifiable incidents are: • The death of a person — whether an employee, contractor or member of the public. • A serious injury or illness. • A dangerous incident that exposes any person to a serious risk, even if no one is injured. If a notifiable incident occurs the model WHS Act states that: • The regulator must be immediately notified. • Written notification must be submitted within 48 hours if requested by the regulator. • The incident site is preserved until an inspector arrives or directs otherwise. However, this doesn’t prevent any action to help an injured person or make the site safe. Call 000 if there is an immediate risk to life. Refer to your state/territory regulator for further information. Types of risks Inherent risk The combination of likelihood and consequence assigned to a particular hazard under the assumption that there are no control measures in place. Residual risk The risk assessed with the control measures in place. To manage the residual risk, every effort must be made to ensure the implemented control measures have taken into account both the reduction of ‘likelihood’ and ‘consequence’. Residual risk is assessed to ensure the implemented c ontrol measures provide appropriate protection, thereby resulting in an acceptable level of risk. Typically, if the residual risk is: • Low, then the approval of the relevant supervisor is required prior to the job commencing • Moderate/Medium, then the approval of the relevant department supervisor is required prior to the job commencing • High/Extreme, then the approval of the department manager or superintendent is required prior to the job commencing If the inherent and residual risks that have been identified, you will then need to assess the consequences of those risks. Once you have determined the consequences, you can implement appropriate safety measures/controls

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 32 of 100 Risk assessment rating matrix The risk assessment rating matrix is used to determine the current risk and residual risk for each identified task and hazard. Consider the following: 1. What is the worst possible consequence of this hazard? 2. What is the likelihood of this occurring? Consequence Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic Likelihood Almost certain High High Extreme Extreme Extreme Likely Moderate High High Extreme Extreme Possible Low Moderate High Extreme Extreme Unlikely Low Low Moderate High Extreme Rare Low Low Moderate High High Likelihood The likelihood or probability of injury, illness or damage occurring is categorised as follows: Level Description Almost certain Most likely outcome, could occur any time (daily) Likely Likely to occur, even 50/50 chance (weekly) Possible Might occur at some time (monthly) Unlikely Unlikely to occur, but history of the event exists within the industry (yearly) Rare Practically impossible, no known history of event occurring, in exceptional circumstances

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 33 of 100 Consequence The consequence for injury and illness is categorised as follows: Severity Description Catastrophic Multiple fatalities, extensive financial loss, severe business disruption, severe environmental damage Major Fatality, significant financial loss, major business disruption, major environmental damage Moderate Serious injury with a long period (10 days or more) off work and/or permanent impairment, substantial financial loss, notable business disruption (more than 1 day) Minor Lost time injury but not permanent impairment with less than 10 days off work, contaminant release contained without outside assistance, notable financial loss, a slight business disruption (property damage) Insignificant Superficial injury or illness such as minor cuts and bruises, first aid treatment, negligible financial loss, minor property damage, contaminant release immediately contained Likelihood Consequence Severity

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 34 of 100 Risk management priority Risks will be prioritised and managed as follows: Priority Description Extreme • Action to reduce risk is mandatory • If work is in progress and an activity is identified as extreme risk – cease work immediately • Work will not commence until action has been taken to lower the risk to another category High • Action to reduce risk is mandatory • If work is in progress and an activity is identified as high risk – consider ceasing work • Immediate action must be taken or controls implemented to reduce the risk • Approval must be obtained from management to continue work Moderate • Action to reduce risk should be taken • Action must be based on the Hierarchy of Controls • Short-term action can be administrative controls or protective equipment • Employees must be made aware of the risk and controls to be taken • Plans for further mitigation must be implemented Low • Action to reduce risk should be taken • Action must be based on the Hierarchy of Controls • Administrative procedures or protective equipment may control the risk Hierarchy of Control The Hierarchy of Control outlines the types of controls that can be implemented to mitigate and eliminate safety hazards. Effectiveness Type of control Example Most effective Least effective Elimination Discontinue use of product or equipment, and cease work process. Substitution Can the task, process, equipment be substituted with a less hazardous one? Isolation Can the hazard be isolated to prevent exposure? Engineering controls Can the task, equipment, process be re-designed to reduce the risk? Administration controls Provide training, information to employees to ensure they can work safely. Personal protective equipment Equipment provided to place a barrier between employee and the hazard.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 35 of 100 Personal protective equipment (PPE) Personal protective equipment is also known as (PPE). Personal protective equipment helps to protect workers against potential injuries. PPE must be worn according to worksite rules and regulations. While the use of PPE is the least effective control because it does not remove the danger, and relies on the individual to use the PPE effectively, it is necessary to protect workers for many of the tasks in the construction industry. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) comprises a range of clothing and equipment which is worn by employees, students, contractors or visitors as appropriate to protect or shield their bodies from workplace hazards. There are many types of PPE that can be considered in categories, based on the type of protection afforded by the equipment. Respiratory protection e.g. disposable, cartridge, air-line, half or full face Eye protection e.g. spectacles/goggles, shields, visors Hearing protection e.g. ear muffs and plugs Hand protection e.g. gloves and barrier creams Foot protection e.g. shoes/boots Head protection e.g. helmets, caps, hoods, hats Protection from falls e.g. harness and fall arrest devices Skin protection e.g. hats, sunburn cream, long sleeved clothes Other protection e.g. protective clothing for extremely hot or cold environments Legal requirements related to PPE: Employer’s obligations Employee’s obligations • Ensure that all workers have personal protective equipment (PPE). • Ensure each item of PPE is appropriate for each particular workplace hazard. • Ensure each item of PPE is appropriate for each individual worker. • Provide training in the appropriate use of PPE. • Provide additional training to supervisors to ensure they understand their role in enforcing the wearing and use of PPE. • Ensure all PPE meets the appropriate standards. • Ensure all PPE is cleaned and maintained. • Use the protective clothing or equipment in a manner in which he or she has been properly instructed to use it. • Do not misuse or damage the clothing or equipment. • As soon as reasonably practicable after becoming aware of any damage to, malfunction of, or need to clean or sterilise the clothing or equipment, notify the person providing the clothing or equipment and/or your supervisor.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 36 of 100 Barricades As a structure starts to appear, there are more chances of dangerous situations occurring, so some barricading and signage may be necessary. As the structure is developing some height, there is a chance of someone falling or of having something fall on them. Or there may be sharp, unprotected objects in the construction. The priorities when planning are to: • Eliminate dangers as much as possible • Barricade any danger if necessary to keep people out • Place signage that will alert people to any other dangers. As the roof trusses are being erected, then plans need to be put in place to do that work safely. Obtain a `safe work at heights’ code or similar booklet from your state or territory, and study thi s in regard to your site. If there is a chance of falling from a height where there is enough risk of injury (specific heights may vary with each state and territory in Australia), then a hierarchy of controls must be implemented, as follows: Do the job at ground level Try to bring the job to ground level so that there is no risk of falling. Install fixed guardrails Put up a solid barrier or handrail so you cannot fall EWP Use mobile scaffold or elevated work platform (EWP) Fall resistant system Use a fall resistant system incorporating a harness and fixed length lanyard to stop you reaching the edge Limited free fall Use a limited free fall device such as a reel to limit fall to less than 600mm Fall arrest system Use a fall arrest system incorporating a harness, lanyard and an emergency absorber to arrest you should you fall Design the work to avoid the dangers associated with the height. If there is no way to avoid working within the height zone, then design ways to work there safely. For example, could a platform be built next to the work to remove the danger? If this isn’t practical, then you may need to harness the workers so that if they do fall, they will be restrained and not be injured. Harnesses may require adjustment during the work process to cater for the job you are doing. Also consider the potential for tools to fall and injure others, and ensure you minimise this hazard. Of course, harnesses need securing to something, so they may not always be practicable.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 37 of 100 Signage There may be occasions where the area you’re setting out needs to be isolated from the public or other workers. Barricades are temporary fences that restrict entry to an area. Tape or plastic fencing can be used if a barricade is required. While there are no specific safety signs used for setting out, you must still recognise and follow all other safety signs on the site. Read and follow safety warning signs In every work place you will find different hazard signs and symbols displayed to let people know of any potential hazards which may be in the area. It is extremely important that you are aware of what the hazard signs and symbols mean at your workplace and wh at you should and shouldn’t do in that area to reduce risk of an accident. Apart from hazard signs and symbols the workplace is likely to have safety signs. The safety signs should be placed where everyone can see them – their directions are mandatory, which means people in the workplace MUST do what they indicate. Safety signage on the construction site All construction sites should be equipped with correct signage. This includes correct signage for barriers/barricades and onsite machinery and equipment. Safety signage on the construction site helps anyone be aware of any potential dangers or hazards onsite. Work areas should be isolated to protect not only other workers and people in the vicinity, but also to protect the work being done. Work areas can be isolated by: • Using barrier tape • Using witches hats • Barricading the area • Erecting fencing • Erecting signage • Verbally informing other trades not to enter the work area whilst work is being conducted There are a variety of signage used on any construction worksite, although the common categories of signs fall into the following: • Mandatory signs • Danger signs • Warning signs • Emergency signs Types of safety signs: Pictures Words Words and pictures Images source: www.australiansafetysigns.net.au

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 38 of 100 Categories of safety signs: Stop and Prohibition – ‘You must not’ The sign will have a RED circle and cross bar, WHITE background and BLACK symbol. Caution – ‘Take care’ The sign will have a YELLOW background, BLACK border and BLACK symbol. Mandatory – ‘You must take appropriate measures whilst in the area’ The sign will have a BLUE background, WHITE symbol and picture inside. Emergency information The sign will be a square or rectangle with a GREEN or RED background and a WHITE symbol. Danger – ‘Be careful’ Fire Images source: www.australiansafetysigns.net.au

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 39 of 100 Plant, tools and equipment selected to carry out tasks are consistent with job requirements, checked for serviceability, and any faults are rectified or reported prior to commencement Tools and equipment include: • Clamps • Compressors • Crimping tools • Docking saws • Drop saws • Explosive power tools • Hammers • Laser levelling equipment • Levels and power leads • Marking equipment • Masonry drills • Measuring tapes and rules • Nail guns • Pop riveters • Power drills • Saw stools • Scaffolding • Screw guns • Spirit levels • Squares (combination/tri) • Steel squares • Straight edges • String lines • Templates • Tin snips. The simplest method, suitable for external stairs using rough sawn timber, is to use a power saw to cut along the lines marked for the treads. Plant and equipment maintenance Plant and equipment maintenance is performed to prevent issues from emerging, to correct defects, and to guarantee that equipment is functioning properly. Maintenance can be scheduled or performed on the spur of the moment in the event of a breakdown.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 40 of 100 Material quantity requirements are calculated in accordance with plans, specifications and quality requirements Steps have several important parts Stringers which are the sides of the steps to which treads are fixed. Treads are the actual walking platforms which bridge between two stringers. Supported by cleats fixed to stringers. Plant and equipment maintenance is performed to prevent issues from emerging, to correct defects, and to guarantee that equipment is functioning properly. Maintenance can be scheduled or performed on the spur of the moment in the event of a breakdown. Unfortunately, no single set of instructions will work in every situation. Each set of steps should be constructed to meet the specific application or environment in order to give comfortable and safe steps that comply with local government regulations. Several established rules should be followed comfortable safe and approved steps are to be built. a) All risers should be of equal height, and this includes the first riser from the base (or ground) level and the last riser onto the upper level. b) Steps should provide a MINIMUM clear width of 240 mm but a MAXIMUM of 355 mm. c) Although linked to tread width, the RISE should be between 190 mm and 1 1 5 mm but a preferred height could be adjusted for agility of the users. (For example, the less agile elderly may prefer a rise of about 145 mm). d) In correctly designed steps the link between ‘rise’ and tread (width) is as expressed in the Building Code of Australia, is the following formula 2R + G should equal between 700 and 550 where R rise in mm, G = clear tread width in mm. Where to start Step 1 Measure overall rise or height of steps which will be the vertical distance from the top platform (e.g. decking surface) to the existing patio or pathway or to the proposed new level base. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘How to calculate stair rises’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyD8-7GqZ4g

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 41 of 100 Step 2 Calculate riser height which is the height of each equal sized step to be taken to move from ground or base level up to the height (to deck floor) measured. Step 3 Calculate clear tread width. With the acceptable riser height calculated in step 2, now calculate the preferred clear step width. (Note that the MINIMUM acceptable clear tread width will be 240 mm.) Step 4 Make a template from the plywood, hardboard or particleboard (or thick cardboard) to suit your particular stair requirements. Step 5 Calculate stringer length. Measure C the pitch length on your template. Multiply pitch length by the number of risers to give overall length of pitch line. Step 6 Purchase wood with a 50 mm thick DAR (dressed-all-round) thickness for both stringers and treads. NB For stringers, order multiples of 300 mm LENGTHS, but assume 900 mm tread lengths. The supplier will supply sufficient material from which these sizes can be cut. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘How to properly plan stairs’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2JAwm_rZZ4 Materials appropriate to the work application are identified, obtained, prepared, safely handled and located ready for use Materials include: • Anti-slip products • Coach screws • Masonry anchors • Metal brackets • Patented metal fasteners and connectors • Steel tie rods • Timber and nails, including bolts and nuts • Wall plugs.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 42 of 100 Timber Grade As structural members, stair stringers, treads, and posts, for example, must be stress graded and free of any major strength-reducing elements. Furthermore, lumber for stair building should be straight grained and devoid of any defects that could compromise the lifetime or serviceability of the product. Stringers, treads and posts should be in accordance with the following table. Species Australian Standard Grade Hardwood AS 2082 Structural Grade 1, Appearance grade Softwood (Caribbean, Radiata, Slash and imported softwood) AS 2858 Structural Grade 1, Appearance grade Hoop Pine AS 2858 F8 Appearance grade Cypress Pine AS 2858 F7 Appearance grade Timber Stairs and Outdoor Stairs On your new timber deck, timber stairs and outdoor steps can be used for a variety of functions. Deck stairs can lead to a higher level on your timber deck, provide access to your backyard, or serve as a spectacular focal piece that will make your relatives and friends envious. Hardwood lumber, treated pine timber, or galvanised steel are the most common materials used for outdoor steps. There are generally six different styles used for timber stairs, being: 1 Hardwood stair treads and hardwood timber stringers – which are open 2 Treated pine stair treads and treated pine stringers – which are open 3 Deck stairs with galvanised steel stringers 4 Hardwood stairs – which are closed in 5 Treated pine stairs – which are closed in 6 Wrap around stairs – using either hardwood timber or treated pine timber

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 43 of 100 Hardwood Stair Treads Hardwood stair treads are made out of hardwood stringers and hardwood timber treads that are connected by galvanised stair tread brackets. When there are more than three timber stairs, hardwood stair treads are typically employed (ie more than 500mm off the ground). When walking up the deck steps, they are open, which means you can see through them. Treated Pine Stair Treads Treated pine stair treads are made up of treated pine stringers and treated pine timber treads, which are held together by galvanised stair tread brackets. When there are more than three timber stairs, treated pine stair treads are also commonly employed (ie more than 500mm off the ground). When walking up the deck steps, they are open, which means you can see through them. Deck Stairs with Galvanised Steel Stringers Galvanized steel stringers are used to construct deck stairs, which are subsequently finished with either hardwood or treated pine treads. Off a first level, deck steps with galvanised steel stringers are commonly used (ie around 2400mm off the ground). When walking up the deck steps, they are open, which means you can see through them. Hardwood Stairs – Closed In Closed-in hardwood stairs are made of a timber hardwood structure and lined with hardwood decking that matches your timber deck. When there are fewer than three timber steps, hardwood stairs are typically employed (ie less than 500mm off the ground). When stepping up the deck steps, they are closed in, which means you can't see through them. Treated Pine Stairs – Closed In Closed-in treated pine stairs are constructed with a timber treated pine structure and lined with treated pine decking to match your timber deck. When there are fewer than three timber steps, treated pine stairs are typically used (ie less than 500mm off the ground). When stepping up the deck steps, they are closed in, which means you can't see through them. Wrap Around Stairs Wrap around stairs are built with either hardwood timber or treated pine timber. They are generally used as a feature and are closed in. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘How to install hardwood stair treads and risers’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKA7xf7Mqxo

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 44 of 100 Environmental requirements are identified for the project in accordance with environmental plans and statutory and regulatory authority obligations, and are applied Moisture Content Traditionally, unseasoned wood has been utilised in the construction of outdoor stairways. The amount of shrinkage that occurs in unseasoned timber varies depending on location and species. For unseasoned open forest hardwoods, expect roughly 6% shrinkage (6mm per 100mm). Allow for shrinkage in unseasoned stringers, treads, and any associated newel posts, landing bearers, and joists, among other things, as well as gaps that will form between connections like stringer housings and treads. External stair timbers exposed to the elements will achieve Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) with their surroundings in 9-18 months, depending on the weather, size, and type of wood employed. Stairs with good ventilation in coastal Australia should have an EMC of around 16 percent. EMCs will be slightly greater (18-21%) for staircases near and over water, and significantly lower for dry inland locations (10-12 percent ). Note: If seasoned wood is used for external stairs in coastal areas, take into account the expansion of the wood when the EMC climbs from 12 percent to around 16 percent, which can cause splitting, especially at connections such where treads are housed into stringers. Joint Priming One coat of a water-repellent preservative or an oil-based primer is recommended to be applied to joints and housings, etc., prior to fabrication. Termite Protection To safeguard the stair and guarantee termites do not bypass protection measures to nearby structures, physical and/or chemical barriers must be installed. Termite barriers must be built in such a way that they can be inspected and maintained easily. Typical termite protection methods: Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Handrails.p df

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 45 of 100 Environmental requirements Environmental requirements include: • Clean-up protection • Noise and dust • Vibration • Waste management. Asbestos is no longer used in the manufacturing of fibre-cement sheets. However, a carpenter frequently has the opportunity to work on remodelling or repair projects, and sooner or later, asbestos sheeting will be encountered. For many years, asbestos sheeting was the primary material used for eaves lining, and a work-safe tradesperson may frequently have the opportunity to work on renovation or repair projects, which will inevitably entail asbestos sheeting. For many years, the primary material used for eaves lining was asbestos, and a work-safe tradesperson will investigate the most up-to-date ways for completely and safely removing this hazardous material (for more information, visit your state's work safety authority website or offices). Environment requirements All building projects have the potential to have a negative impact on the environment. The building industry accounts for more than a third of landfill waste, and most of what is discarded could be salvaged. Even though setting out tasks have a relatively low impact on the environment, you’ll still need to: 1 Remove general waste 2 Discard, reuse or recycle any materials you use 3 Use dust suppression techniques if the ground is significantly disturbed 4 Make sure your clean-up procedures and products do not damage the environment. You must be aware of your responsibilities with regard to the requirements of your state or territory Regulations and any existing site environmental management plan (EMP).

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 46 of 100 Environmental requirements Environmental protection requirements are part of every worksite – regulations/requirements are important to consider during the planning and preparation stage because you need to be aware of what type of work you are allowed to perform in the physical environment by law. Environmental regulations provide a guideline on what you can or can’t use, for example, using certain chemicals as they have a negative impact to both the physical environment and on human health. Another example is the way in which waste should be disposed of in order to avoid the adverse effects that waste can have on the environment. Make sure you check with your supervisor about what environmental issues need to be managed during your work. All environmental details should be listed in an ‘Environmental Management Plan’ for the site. It can include details for: • Waste management • Water quality protection • Stormwater management • Noise control • Vibration control • Dust management • Clean-up management There are various environmental protection regulations that are applicable. These include: • Environment Protection (Residential Noise) Regulations 2008 • Environment Protection (Industrial Waste Resource) Regulations 2009 • Pollution of Waters by Oil and Noxious Substances Regulations 2012 Violations to these regulations can be reported to the Environment Protection Authority Victoria (EPA), to the local council, police etc. Resource efficiency and waste minimisation Recycling processes and procedures help to minimise negative impacts upon the environment by saving the earth’s resources (oil, soil, water). Recycling reducing how much energy we consume, in addition to reducing pollution and minimising the effects of global warming. Always reuse and recycle materials where possible. See below for some examples of how materials can be reused: Concrete • Can be washed and used on other projects • Can be crushed and reused for road fill Bricks/Tiles/Glass • Can be cleaned and/or sold • Can be crushed and used as gravel, aggregate or road fill Aluminium/Plastics • Can be recycled into new products • Can be used on other projects • Can be sold or made into a new product Timber • Salvaged timber and wood products can be reused and recycled • Timber can be re-milled, de-nailed, sawn to size and turned into new timber products If materials can’t be recycled, it is important to dispose of the waste safely and appropriately. Placing signage around the workplace is a good way to remind others to recycle and to dispose of materials and waste appropriately. It is always important to follow your organisational policies for waste disposal.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 47 of 100 Re-use and disposal of soil Excess soil refers to the soil that has been excavated which either cannot or will not be reused at the site where it was excavated. EPA Victoria provides guidance on the appropriate re-use or disposal of excess soil to mitigate and avoid adverse effects on human and environmental health. Soil has the potential to contain contaminants such as chemicals and asbestos. Contaminated soils cannot always be reused – disposal methods adopted depend on the nature of the contaminated material. Some types of contaminated soils must either be disposed of offsite and professionally treated. For further information on the re-use and disposal of soil, visit https://www.epa.vic.gov.au/for- business/new-laws-and-your-business/manage-waste/waste-classification/managing-waste-soil Project Environmental Management Plan An EMP details the environmental management requirements to be followed. EMP should include: • The requirements for environmental management during the planning, implementation, evaluation and review of construction activities • The responsibilities for implementing this EMP • The Project Delivery Standards (PDS) including environmental controls to ensure that project objectives and targets are achieved • An overview of the environmental monitoring programs and contingency plans and associated management actions • The transition arrangements from construction phase to operations

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 48 of 100 Learning Activities Section 1 1.1 List 6 materials that may be used for the construction of external timber stairs 1 2 3 4 5 6 1.2 True or False. As stair stringers, treads and posts, etc., are structural members, they are required to be stress graded and should be free from any major strength-reducing features. ☐ True ☐ False 1.3 There are generally 6 different styles used for timber stairs, name these. 1 2 3 4 5 6

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 49 of 100 1.4 Maintenance on plant and equipment is carried out to:  Ensure equipment is working effectively  Put faults right  Prevent problems arising  All of the above 1.5 The formula 2R + G should equal between 700 and 550. What does the G stand for?  Rise  Run  Tread width  Ground height Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 50 of 100 Section 2 – Set out and prepare material Read the following from http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Handrails.p df (Supplementary Document) Determine Total Rise on Sloping Ground The following guidance can be used to determine the total rise for external stairs where the ground is not level and either slopes toward or away from the building. Stairs without landing- Land sloping towards building: Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 51 of 100 Stairs with landing – Land slowing towards building: Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf Stairs without landing – Land sloping away from building: Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 52 of 100 Stairs with landing – Land slowing away from building: Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf Note: this situation to be avoided wherever possible as it adds to the number of treads required.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 53 of 100 Rise and going of stairs are calculated from job drawings, site location and regulations. Stairs and their proportions determine the stairwell dimensions. A minimum of two meters head height is required above steps measured vertically above nosings. Risers and treads must be constant throughout. A variation can cause accidents. 18 risers are the maximum permissible. Treads are required to be non-slip or have non-skid strips close to the nosings. Timber sizes For stringers and treads risers are usually 19mm thick. Establish tread (going) and riser size Establish tread and riser dimensions by dividing the floor to floor height (total rise) into a suitable number of risers each rise being between 150 – 190mm. Then calculate the tread width in proportion to the rise according to the ‘ideal stair proportions’ Adjust both measurements to conform to the ‘Total Rise’ and ‘Total Going’. Treads are usually between 250 – 300mm wide including nosing. However, the NCC permits 240 MIN, to 355mm MAX. Risers are usually between 150 – 190mm in height, while the NCC permits 115mm MIN to 190mm MAX. The triang le created by the ‘Total Rise’ and the ‘Total Going’ can be drawn on the floor and all measurements established there. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘What goes on first stair riser or tread?’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYp2yEDvoiU

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 54 of 100 Newel posts and footings are set out and placed to layout of designed stairs, job drawings and specifications. Where newel posts are used, tenons are cut on the end of the strings and the newels morticed to suit. Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf Watch the following You Tu be video: ‘How to install a newel post’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENAuKBymI4I

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 55 of 100 Tenons at ends of stringer In some cases (usually internal stairs only) the faces of the first and last risers should be in the centre of the newel posts. Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf Cut treads and risers to length and number from bottom to top- make allowance for extra length on bottom tread if specified- remove arises (edges) as required. If risers are being used and the treads are not pre-grooved, groove the treads for risers.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 56 of 100 Step Bolts (The Bolts) Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf Wa tch the following You Tube video: ‘How to build outdoor steps – DIY Bunnings’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1qOS3ysKxI

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 57 of 100 Materials for stringers are selected and set out to the pitch of stairs with treads and risers according to regulations. Stringer material Some cores are structural, or active, and some are inactive, used primarily to provide a form for a structural fiberglass skin. With active core stringers (usually solid wood or pressure treated plywood), the core material is providing the stringer with most of its structural strength. Pitch Board Using a piece of plywood, Masonite (such as ply or Masonite bracing) or similar, mark out and cut a pitch board using the going and rise calculated. Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf Watch the following You Tube video: ‘How to build stair stringers’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CArhhrGWBsg

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 58 of 100 Margin Template Before the margin template can be prepared, the width of the margin (X) must be known. The method of finishing the margin width is as follows: • Place the pitch board on the string, with the hypotenuse of the pitch board flush with the string edge. • Use off-cut pieces of tread and riser board to draw into this trial position, the tread, and also riser and wedges if used. • Draw a line just below the tread (or wedges if used) and parallel to the string edge. • The distance X is the width required for the margin template Note: For stairs with riser boards, place the off-cut piece of tread upside down and align the front edge of the riser housing with the edge of the string. Determination of margin line: Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf A suitable margin template can now be constructed using off-cuts from mouldings: Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf Note: This method may be followed to determine the width of timber required for strings.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 59 of 100 Steel Square Any large metal square such as a roofing square can be used as an alternative to a pitch board and margin template, but an understanding of the methods to be able to set the square up correctly is necessary. Stringers are housed to accommodate treads, and risers or metal brackets are fixed to support treads. Stringers are cut and housed into newel posts and/or landings where specified. Stringers The side part of the staircase which houses or supports the tread and risers. Marking out strings When marking out stair strings a routine will prevent mistakes and the wasting of time. A good practice is to always mark out the same hand string first. This practice should develop a clearer recognition of the correct positioning of members. Note: The accepted practice of marking right hand or left hand string first varies from state to state and region to region. The procedure below is based upon marking the left hand string first. Step 1 Looking up the flight or at the flight from the bottom determines the string handling. The left-hand string is the one to the left. One flight has a pair of strings, one on the left and one on the right. Step 2 Mark the inside face and top edges of saw tools with strings in pairs, taking into account the action of any spring or bow. Place the hollow of the bow in for short flights with one step bolt, and place the hollow of the bow out for longer flights with two step bolts. The edges of the string should be rounded up (spring up). Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 60 of 100 Step 3 Begin marking out the left-hand string once you've paired the strings by face and edge marking them. With the margin template, draw the margin line, then start at the bottom of the flight and mark the position of the floor, the first rise, and so on with the pitch board. Before continuing to mark the string, a pair of wing dividers set to distance ‘H’ (in the diagram on the previous page) should be used to mark along the margin line, the number of remaining steps in the flight. This action will serve to equalise successive marking with the pitch board and avoid possible loss or gain. Step 4 Place both strings together as a pair after finishing the first string's marking and square the points on the margin line across from one to the other. The length disparities between the two strings will be avoided using this strategy. Marking out left string: Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf Marking out right string: Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 61 of 100 Step 5 When you're confident that the initial marking is proper, move on to the housings' marking. Each tread and riser should be numbered. In numerical order, choose treads and risers (if applicable), and write thickness and shape onto strings. Mark the housing depth (15 mm) on the back edge of the string with a gauge. Always gauge from the outside of the tread. This will account for any differences in thickness of the tread particularly when using unseasoned rough sawn timber. Note: Gauge depth = tread thickness minus housing depth Strings marked out for housings: Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 62 of 100 Housing strings The actual housing of the strings can be accomplished in a variety of ways. The simplest way, which is ideal for external stairs made of rough sawn wood, is to cut along the tread lines using a power saw. Set the depth of the saw to the housing depth, 15 mm. Run the saw a number of times between these cuts and then use a mallet/hammer and chisel to remove the remaining material Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf String End Joints It's also time to finish marking the appropriate joints at the ends of the strings. The sort of joint utilised will be determined by the type of stair and the structure it will be linked to. For a simple exterior flight, for example, the string is usually notched over the bearer (or landing plate) or tenoned onto a newel post at the top and bird mouthed over the bottom tread. Supporting stringers: Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 63 of 100 Watch the following You Tube video: ‘Stair stringer set out’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdFExPyaZM8 Material for treads are selected and risers are set out and cut to length to requirements of stair design. Treads Treads are the part of the staircases that you place your foot on as you walk up or down the staircase. They can have a bullnosed or square shape on the front edge. Risers Risers are the piece of material that runs vertically between each tread – this forms what we refer to as a closed staircase. Set the depth of the saw to the housing depth, 15mm. Run the saw a number of times between these cuts and then use a mallet/hammer and chisel to remove the remaining material. Stair stringers (maximum stair width 1800 mm): Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 64 of 100 Notes: 1. The size of stringers given in the Table are nominal sizes. Design allowances have been made for dressing (depth 10 mm max, thickness 5 mm max). Allowance has also been made for trenching stringers to accommodate treads (10 mm max). 2. Timber grading should be in accordance with the appropriate Australian Standard for milled products (i.e. AS 2796 and AS 4785). The stress grades used for design in accordance with the loading requirements of the BCA are as indicated and can be determined for AS 2082 and AS 2858 as appropriate. 3. The F17 grade included in the Table is intended for unseasoned hardwood, to be used for external stairs only. 4. Stringer span is the centre line length of the stringer. Stair treads (with open flights): Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf Materials for External Stairs without Riser Boards (Open Stairs) Stair construction is a difficult task that necessitates a high level of craftsmanship and precision. Because enclosed risers absorb moisture and inhibit proper drainage and drying, open tread stairs are advised for outdoor use. Because housed treads can hold moisture, it's best to prime them before putting them together. As per the BCA requirements, the rise and going must be uniform throughout the flight, however for external stairs the bottom rise may vary slightly. Timber Durability and Species In weather-exposed, above-ground applications or where subjected to other sources of moisture, stringers, treads, risers, handrails, posts, newels, balusters, and infill should be: • Warm, humid tropical northern climates • Temperate, cool southern climates Read in more detail here: 08 - InspectAPedia. https://inspectapedia.com/Stairs/Stairs-Balustrades- Handrails-Guide-Australia.pdf (Supplementary Document)

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 65 of 100 Timber species: Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 66 of 100 Learning Activities Section 2 2.1 Treads are usually between 250 – 300mm wide including nosing. What does the NCC permit as the MIN and MAX height? 2.2 What are stringers? 2.3 Where are treads located?

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 67 of 100 2.4 What are risers? 2.5 In the diagram below, mark the following:  Exit level  Ground finish level  Newel post  Baluster  Handrail Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 68 of 100 Section 3 – Assemble and erect stairs Read the following from http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Handrails.p df Assembly Prime paint or oil any joints and surfaces that will be concealed, enclosed, or impossible to be painted after assembly, including the newels, bearer, or joist where the stairs will be fixed, before beginning to assemble outdoor stairs. Taking one of the cut threads, placing it in position, and then levelling the tread housings with a spirit level is a more practical technique to identify the position of the stumps under the bottom tread than by computation. By packing under the lower end of the string, you can make any necessary changes. To find the centre and top of the stumps, use pilot pegs. Finding position of stumps: Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 69 of 100 Fit the top and bottom (or second bottom) treads, as well as the bottom riser only to the strings on flights with risers, and nail them together. Each part should be nailed together with three 100 x 4.5 mm nails. If required, drill first. All nails used on external stairs should be hot dipped galvanised. If necessary, instal and loosely tighten step bolts. Fit the stringers to the newels, bearers, or joists as needed after lifting this partially assembled job into place. Place the rest of the treads and risers where they'll be utilised, and fasten them in place with three nails per housing. Tighten the step bolts if necessary. Note: When using unseasoned timber it is good practice to temporarily nail treads and risers. After allowing as much time as possible for shrinkage to take place, withdraw the nails, close the joints then complete nailing and punching. Landing is constructed where specified Landings must be provided where the sill of a threshold of a doorway opens on to a stair that provides a change in floor level or floor to ground level greater than 3 risers or 570mm. Straight stairs with landing: Newel stairs with landing: Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 70 of 100 Treads and risers are fixed to the stringers A stair stringer (also called 'string' or 'stringer board') is the housing on either side of a flight of stairs, into which the treads and risers are fixed. A staircase will have two stringers, one on either side of the steps. • Fit top and bottom (or second bottom) treads and, for flights with risers, the bottom riser only to strings and nail together. Nail together with three 100 X 4.5mm nails per joint. Pre-drill if necessary. For external stairs, all nails used should be hot dipped galvanised. • Fit and loosely tighten step bolts if required. • Lift this partly assembled job into position fit the stringers to the newels, bearers or joists as required. • Fit the remainder of the treads and risers where used and nail with three nails per housing. • Tighten the step bolts. Tie bolts are located and secured to maintain stair width where specified Step bolts will be required unless the steps fit between two walls. Bore the stringers to accept 12mm step bolts with a maximum spacing of 1350mm. Place them as close as feasible to the stringer's centre line and the underside of a tread, leaving a gap between the tread's underside and the bolt. Bracing and lateral ties are fixed to newels in accordance with specifications to maintain rigidity of stair structure where specified. Newels The posts at the top and bottom of flights to which strings and balustrades are fixed. Newels may also support landings and form part of balustrades Step bolts will be required unless the steps fit between two walls. Bore the stringers to accept 12mm step bolts with a maximum spacing of 1350mm. Place them as close as feasible to the stringer's centre line and the underside of a tread, leaving a gap between the tread's underside and the bolt. It will also be necessary to determine the length of the string, newels, landing trimmers, joists, and the number of treads and risers required before the timber for the stairs can be obtained. Straight stairs All treads of a single flight of steps are parallel to one another. This type of stair, which is commonly used in household construction, does not have a landing and can be erected against one wall with the other side open with newels and balustrades. Newel stairs All treads of a single flight of steps are parallel to one another. This type of stair, which is commonly used in household construction, does not have a landing and can be erected against one wall with the other side open with newels and balustrades.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 71 of 100 Learning Activities Section 3 3.1 When must landings be provided? 3.2 How high must a balustrade or other barrier be above the floor of any access path? 3.3 What are newels? 3.4 Step bolts are only required if stairs fit between two walls.  True  False 3.5 Long stair stringers may need extra support from installing a brace at mid span.  True  False Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 72 of 100 Section 4 – Fit handrails, balustrade and finish Read the following from http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Handrails.p df Balustrades and Handrails For balustrades and handrails, the BCA is primarily concerned with the safety of building users and occupants. Design and construction must therefore take into consideration the strength and durability of materials and components as well as the `geometric’ constraints. A continuous balustrade or other barrier must be provided along the side of any roof to which public access is provided, any stairway or ramp, any floor, corridor, hallway, balcony, veranda, mezzanine, access bridge, or the like, and along the side of any path of access to a building that is not bounded by a wall; and any level is more than 1 m above the surface beneath A balustrade or other barrier shall be at least 1 metre above the floor of any access path, balcony, landing, or other landing, and at least 865 mm above the nosing of the stair treads or the ramp floor. Openings in balustrades (including decorative balustrades) or other barriers must be constructed so that any opening does not permit a 125mm sphere to pass through it and for stairs; the space is tested above the nosing line. For floors more than 4m above the surface beneath, any horizontal elements within the balustrade or other barrier between 150mm and 760mm above the floor must not facilitate climbing. Balustrades when required: Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 73 of 100 Minimum height of handrail: Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf Loads AS 1170.1 requires balustrades and railing together with members and connections which provide structural support to be able to resist the following factored limit state loads- 0.9 kN inward, outward and downward load at any pint. It also requires balustrades and handrails to be able to resist a factored horizontal or vertical load of 0.53 kN/m for all areas within or servicing exclusively one dwelling including stairs and landings excluding external balconies, and 1.13kN/m for external balconies in domestic and other residential buildings. Infill, including balusters, should be capable of resisting 0.75 kN in any direction.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 74 of 100 Durability In weather-exposed , above-ground applications or where subjected to other sources of moisture, stringers, treads, risers, handrails, posts, balusters an infill should be: Warm, humid tropical northern climates Either Above Ground Durability Class 1 species with any sapwood present treated to H3 (or higher) or H3 (or higher) treated softwood such as Slash, Hoop OR Radiata Pine. Preservative treatment shall comply with AS 1604. Temperate, cool southern climates Slash, Hoop, or Radiata Pine are examples of Above Ground Durability Class 2 or superior species with any sapwood treated to H3 or H3 treated softwood. AS 1604 must be followed for preservative treatment. Low- durability species can be used with careful joint details and the application and maintenance of protective coatings/the installation of protective shielding on top of exposed wood. Care should be taken to ensure that water is not trapped by end grain abutting horizontal surfaces (i.e. slope end grain cuts top and bottom of balustrades and bottom rails where balustrades abut, provide drainage holes, etc.) Timber Grade The timber should be free from any major strength – reducing features, be straight grained and be in accordance with the following. Type Australian standard Description Grade Hardwood (Including Meranti) AS 2796 Sawn and milled products Clear/ select grade Softwood (Including imported softwood) AS 1786 Joinery timber milled from Australian grown conifers Clear grade In addition, finger jointed timber shall comply with AS 5068 – Timber – ‘Finger joints in structural products’ and laminated timber shall comply with AS 1328 – ‘Glued laminated structural timber’. Notes: 1. Materials used in accordance with the following information must satisfy relevant Australian Standards and have the relevant minimum mechanical properties including the following: - Hardwood – Stress Grade F22, (characteristic bending strength f’b = 65 MPa, Modulus of elasticity E = 16,000 MPa) and Joint Group JD2. Examples – Spotted Gum, Ironbark, Blackbutt, Kwila and Merbau. - Meranti and Australian Softwood – (characteristic bending strength f’b = 25 MPa, Modulus of elasticity E = 9100 MPa) and Joint Group JD4. Examples – Radiata, Hoop and Slash Pine and Meranti. - Imported Softwood – (characteristic bending strength f’b = 25 MPa, Modulus of elasticity E = 6,900 MPa) and Joint Group JD4. Examples – New Zealand Radiata Pine. 2. Unless certified by the supplier to identify that it is ‘Australian Grown’ softwood, han drail (balustrades) spans shall be determined from the ‘Imported Softwood’ spans

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 75 of 100 Handrails Handrail sizes and spans shall be in accordance with table below: Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 76 of 100 Posts/Newel Posts The minimum stress rating for posts and newel posts is F5. The minimum dimension of posts supporting handrails/balustrades must be 80 X 80mm (maximum post spacing to be 3600mm and height of 2700mm). Refer to AS 1684 to determine minimum dimensions for bearing roof and or floor loads, although it must not be less than 80 X 80 mm. Infill/Balusters The minimum size of infill/balusters should be as follows: • Hardwood- 19 X 19mm or 21mm diameter. • Softwood- 19 X 42, 32 X 32 or 25mm diameter. Intermediate vertical support: Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 77 of 100 Posts Posts and newel posts should be connected to floor framing/stringers. (As shown in the accompanying diagrams below) Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 78 of 100 Source: http://www.5startimbers.com.au/downloads/Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Han drails.pdf Watch the following You Tube video: ‘Box newel post day vlog’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bP93pu7H9pY

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 79 of 100 Weathering, Finishes and Maintenance The long-term durability and visual appeal and aesthetics of both internal and external stairs and balustrades cab be greatly enhanced by application and maintenance of suitable and appropriate finishes. External Stairs and Balustrades Apart from aesthetic considerations, the major goal of putting and maintaining finishes (paints and stains) on wood used in outdoor applications is to reduce the effects of weathering and hence extend the service life of the wood. Wetting and drying as a result of exposure to the sun and rain causes checking, splitting, and deformation. Application and maintenance of finishes should not be considered as a substitute for ensuring that the inherent durability is natural or by treatment) of the underlying timber is appropriate to the service life required for the applicable hazard level. Un-primed Timber Nail holes should be filled with a high-quality exterior wood filler. Prior to applying the coating, any dirt or loose particles should be removed. Prior to assembly, all surfaces, ends, and joints should be primed with a quality solvent-based alkyd primer or stain, as directed by the manufacturer. Final top coats of exterior paint or stain should then be applied in accordance with the manufacturers’ recommendations. Pre-primed LOSP Treated Timber Pre-coated pink handrail and balustrade components should be sanded and dusted before finishing to eliminate any loose or powdery coatings. Nail holes should be filled with a high-quality exterior wood filler. Prior to assembly, a quality, solvent-based alkyd primer should be applied to all surfaces, ends, and joints. After the primer has dried according to the manufacturer's instructions, apply two full coats of premium 100% acrylic exterior topcoat according to the manufacturer's instructions. Dark-coloured paints and stains should be avoided since they raise the temperature of the wood, causing more moisture loss and consequent shrinkage and checking. At higher temperatures, decay is likewise more active. Non-slip strips are installed to treads, where specified. Slips and falls are a serious threat to safety. Surfaces that we walk on everyday including steps, ramps and walkways, become hazardous when exposed to the elements, spilled liquids, and a variety of other circumstances that cause slippery conditions. In an attempt to reduce the risk of a slip and fall injury, a variety of non-slip products have been designed to improve traction on hazardous surfaces. The BCA requires stair threads to have a slip resistant finish or an anti- skid strip near the nose of the thread. A number of proprietary ‘paints’ and ‘strips’ ar e available to satisfy this requirement.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 80 of 100 Non-Slip Tapes Installation Instructions • Before applying the safety tape, peel back a little portion to see if it's sticky. • The surface temperature should be above 55°F. • Apply to a clean, flat surface. Fill up any cracks or depressions in the application area to make it smooth. Surfaces that are porous should be sealed; Never use safety tape to cover grout lines. • Using an industrial cleaner, remove oils, dirt, and peeling paint. • By flushing the surface, make sure all soap residue is gone. • The surface must be thoroughly dry before proceeding. • We recommend rounding the edges when cutting the Safety Tape to size. • Keep your fingertips away from the glue when peeling off the paper backing. • Position and press into place pushing from the centre out to the edges to remove air bubbles. A rubber hand roller helps to get maximum adhesion. • The area can be used immediately after the tape is applied. • The surface of the tape itself can be cleaned as needed using a mild detergent cleaner. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘Installing non - slip tape for stairs on pool deck stairs’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4tkzWIXFdk

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 81 of 100 Learning Activities Section 4 4.1 For balustrades and handrails, the BCA is primarily concerned with the safety of building users and occupants. Therefore, what must design, and construction take into consideration? 4.2 Timber should be free from any major strength – reducing features, and be straight grained. ☐ True ☐ False 4.3 List 5 members in a balustrade. 1 2 3 4 5

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 82 of 100 4.4 What are the requirements in the BCA with regard to stair thread finish? Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 83 of 100 Section 5 – Clean up Work area is cleared and materials disposed of, reused or recycled in accordance with legislation, regulations, codes of practice and job specification Waste management After every construction project, waste products like timber offcuts and damaged or surplus materials are left over and must be disposed of appropriately. There are laws which outline how waste materials should be dealt with and large fines can be issued if these are not followed. Companies and contractors usually develop policies and procedures to make sure everyone complies with these requirements. Facilities for waste management on a worksite or in a joinery workshop may include: • General and recycling bins • Hazardous material containers and spill kits • Dust extraction devices • Cleaning supplies. Recycling materials Carpentry materials are expensive and it’s good practice to recycle or reuse leftover material whenever possible. This also reduces the amount of waste going to landfill – important environmental consideration. At the end of a task or project, material should be sorted and disposed of, stored or moved on to the next project accordingly. • Leftover materials in good condition and in useable sizes or quantities can be kept for future projects, if appropriate storage is available. • Some used materials can be salvaged but may have to be cleaned or treated first. Timber can be reused or recycled but must be de - nailed before relocating. • There are special requirements for the disposal of hazardous waste and information can be found in safety data sheets (SDSs). For example, CCA - treated timber should not be burned, as it contains arsenic and the fumes are toxic if inhaled. There are laws which restrict the disposal of asbestos and this is usually carried out by licensed specialists Cleaning It’s essential that you clean tools and equipment thoroughly before you put them in sto rage or move on to a new project. Wipe all tools to clear away dust or debris and remove substances like grease or sap. Pay particular attention to tools that have been used in wet or damp conditions. Clean them with an oily rag to prevent rust and, if rust exists, remove it with steel wool or a wire brush. Use compressed air tools such as ‘blow down’ guns to clean dust from tools, but take extreme care. You should always wear appropriate PPE to avoid injury. • Lubricate moving or adjustable parts of tools to allow smooth, continuous operation. Lubrication reduces friction between moving parts, helps them to last longer and makes the machine more energy efficient. • Remove any fuel left in plant or equipment. Old fuel can go stale and affect performance. It could also present a fire hazard if it’s not removed.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 84 of 100 Construction waste management and disposal According to the ABS, construction and demolition waste may account for a staggering 40% of what ends up in landfills - with about 80% of that being bricks and concrete. Obviously, there’s a lot of waste involved in housing construction, especially if an existing house is being demolished. While serious waste management plans are normally expected for big commercial and industrial project tenders, the sa me care’s not often put into waste disposal for residential building. For now, it’s still relatively inexpensive and easy to dispose of general construction waste in landfills, although this is likely to change pretty dramatically in the near future. Increasing production costs and regulations that require lifecycle assessments or other energy efficiency measures for building materials, methods and designs are likely to make residential construction waste a serious consideration. Recycling construction waste Some builders – particularly those with a focus on sustainability and efficiency - work to ensure that materials are recycled and reused. This may include training subcontractors to categorise and separate waste on- site before it’s disposed of, to ens ure that it goes to the right places. Demolishers in particular often do a good trade in reselling things like picture rails, skirting boards, floor boards, doors, ornate windows and frames, light fittings and so forth, and will often deconstruct or dismantle to some extent rather than simply demolishing a home. Minimising waste on construction sites Builders can also employ various measures to minimise the amount of waste that’s produced in the first place. Their suppliers have a role to play in this too, either by supplying at the last minute (i.e. ‘just in time deliveries’) to help reduce the amount of packaging that’s needed and the chance of breakage or spoiling, or by agreeing to take back the materials that are left over. Builders can also train their subcontractors to use offcuts in other parts of the house to help cut down on waste too. One of the biggest arguments made for prefabricated housing is that there’s less waste produced in the first place with this kind of construction. Skips and waste removal Building sites will usually feature massive bins (called skips) that are dropped off at the site and used to collect and remove waste as it’s generated. Rubbish skips are normally stored either on the building site, or just off the site in a posi tion that won’t cause a problem to traffic or pedestrians. Regional limitations For the time being the cheapest and least complicated option is normally just to fill a skip and throw everything into a landfill. Having said that, a builder’s ability to do much else with the waste will also depend on whether recycling facilities are actually available where the house is being built, and how willing suppliers are to help reduce waste in the first place. For more information, ask your builder how waste minimisation and disposal will work on your site. Hazardous chemicals and dangerous goods To limit the possibility of an accident, hazardous chemicals and dangerous commodities must be stored in specific containers. Gas tanks and caustic chemicals are examples of this. Natural ventilation, specific compartments, electrical earthing, and warning signs are all common features of these types of containers. These types of containers are normally made specifically so that they conform to the Australian regulations that determine how these sorts of dangerous materials should be stored.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 85 of 100 Plant, tools and equipment are cleaned, checked, maintained and stored in accordance with manufacturer recommendations and standard work practices Plant is “any machinery, equipmen t (including scaffolding), appliance, implement or tool and any component or fitting thereof or accessory thereto”. Plant is machinery that processes material by way of a mechanical action which • Cuts, drills, punches or grinds • Presses forms, hammers, joins, or moulds material • Combines, mixes, sort, packages, assembles, knits or weaves material. Plant also includes lifts, cranes, tractors, earth moving equipment, pressure equipment, hoists, powered mobile plant, plant that lifts or moves people or materials, amusement structures, high powered lasers, turbines, explosive powered tools, scaffolds, chisels, saws, photocopiers, desks, filing cabinets and temporary access equipment. Plant should be maintained, cleaned and inspected in accordance with the recommendations of the designer, manufacturer and supplier including all safety features and warning devices maintained and tested regularly. Where practicable the systems of work (SOP) should involve the stopping plant before maintenance, cleaning or repairs are commenced and the use of lockout or isolation devices and permit to work systems. Where plant is currently in use, supervisors are required to carry out regular inspections to monitor risks to safety and health. Tools, plant and equipment Tools can be expensive and they need to be looked after when a job is completed to ensure that they remain in good working condition and are safe to use and ready for the next project. Inspection Before you start a job you must first check tools and equipment for damage or faults. For example: • With leads and cables – check for fraying or exposed wires, bent or loose plugs • With cutting edges and blades – check whether they are blunt or damaged • With metal components – look for corrosion or rust. If you find any faults, attach a repair tag and remove the equipment from use immediately. Report all faults on a worksite or in a workshop to a store person or supervisor. Damaged tools must be repaired but this should be done only by trained personnel. Some faults can be fixed only by a specialist or licensed electrician. Check the dates on inspection tags to make sure that power tools and extension leads are still safe to use and in accordance with Regulations. Make a note of upcoming inspection dates if they’re likely to occur before the next time the tool is used.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 86 of 100 Maintenance Regular maintenance helps to preserve the quality of tools, keep them safe and extend their lives. Doing a little maintenance each time you complete a job or project can prevent costly and time - consuming repairs or replacement. Maintenance, which should always be carried out in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and guidelines, includes: • Sharpening chisels, planes and saw blades • Replacing damaged or worn components e.g. blades, belts • Cleaning or replacing air filters, etc. Storage of tools, plant and equipment Theft is a big problem in the construction industry – particularly the theft of tools and construction equipment. Good quality construction equipment is normally really expensive, and pretty easy to conceal once it’s stolen. Likewise, building materials left out in the open on construction sites also have the potential to be removed late at night by opportunistic thieves. Many professionals have heavy-duty lockable compartments on their Utes or vans for storing tools, but huge equipment is sometimes more practical to leave on site. Builders will frequently use a special lock-up container on the job site to keep goods secure and prevent them from being harmed by rain or severe weather. Shipping containers and lock up storage boxes Perhaps the most practical and common way to keep tools and materials safe on a building site is to lock them safely away inside a shipping container. These containers come in all shapes and sizes to suit just about any site, and can be hired or bought and delivered directly to the site as they’re needed Special racks are installed in certain shipping containers to store piping and other long goods. Smaller lockable storage boxes are also available, which can be customised for a variety of uses and requirements. Safe working areas • You must provide safe access and a safe place of work • Don’t just focus on the safety of maintenance workers – take the necessary precautions to ensure the safety of others who may be affected by their work, eg other employees or contractors working nearby • Set up signs and barriers and position people at key points if they are needed to keep other people out Safe plant and equipment Plant and equipment must be made safe before maintenance starts. Safe isolation • Ensure moving plant has stopped and isolate electrical and other power supplies. Most maintenance should be carried out with the power off. If the work is near uninsulated, overhead electrical conductors, eg close to overhead travelling cranes, cut the power off first • Lock off machines if there is a chance the power could be accidentally switched back on • Isolate plant and pipelines containing pressured fluid, gas, steam or hazardous material. • Lock off isolating valves

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 87 of 100 Learning Activities Section 5 5.1 What may the establishment of a planned maintenance programme be useful for? 5.2 When must plant and equipment be made safe?

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 88 of 100 5.3 Describe the 4 steps to carrying out safe isolation of power tools. 1 2 3 4 5.4 Describe 7 good housekeeping practices. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 89 of 100 Further Reading Code_of_practice_-_construction_work (Supplementary document) NCC 2019 Volume Two (Supplementary document) Environment Protection Act 2017 (Supplementary document) https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/in-force/acts/environment-protection-act- 2017/004 Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 (Supplementary document) Model-cop-managing-the-risk-of-falls-at-workplaces (Supplementary document) Model-cop-preventing-falls-in-housing-construction (Supplementary document) Design_Guide_08_Stairs_Balustrades_and_Handrails (Supplementary document)

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 90 of 100 Learning Activities Record Unit of competency CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs Instructions for the Learner By signing the below, I hereby certify that the activities are my own work, based on my personal study and/or research. I have acknowledged that all materials and resources used have not been copied in part or whole, or otherwise plagiarised the work of other learning and/or other person. Instructions for the Trainer The Trainer is required to complete this Learning Task Record Sheet once the Learner has completed all requirements for the Learning Activities for this unit of competency, the Learner's work has been reviewed by the Trainer, and relevant feedback has been provided. Site: Learning Activity Satisfactory Date More evidence Date Learning Activities ☐ ☐ Context detail (Assessor to record) Attempt 1 ____/____/____ Attempt 2 ____/____/____ Attempt 3 ____/____/____ Appeals: If you receive a Not Satisfactory result you have the right to appeal. You have three assessment attempts. Assessor feedback to learner: The Assessor must write full feedback to the learner that is constructive and not generic. Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____ Assessor Name: Assessor Signature: Date: ____/____/____

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 91 of 100 Simulated Learning Activities 1.1 As a group, construct timber external stairs, 640mm in height, by following the steps below. There are 4 risers, each 160 mm. You must comply with the OHS and environmental policies and procedures within the simulated workplace. Step 1 Make a template from the plywood, hardboard or particleboard (or thick cardboard) to suit stair requirements. A riser = 160 mm B tread = 240 mm C pitch lines = 289 mm Step 2 Cut 2 stringers, 1156mm in length, from 300 x 50 mm DAR Step 3 Mark out the stringers. The essential tool for this task is the template made in step 1. Mark a margin line, 50mm away from the upper edge of both stringers. See diagram on the following page. Then, as indicated on the diagram, mark the stringers out using the template. Mark also the upper line, ‘P’ which indicates the top vertical line of the stringer, allowing for full tread width, including any overlap for the topmost tread. With the outline of the stinger marked, also locate and mark the position of the cut-out for the ledger, as well as the necessary cut away for the fixings used to mount the stringers to the base slab.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 92 of 100 Guide to marking out stringers for cutting to shape and locating treads. Note: • Stringers are left or right hand and must be measured and marked out separately. • Position of template shown by shading. Source: https://www.homedesigndirectory.com.au/diy/diy-timber-steps.php

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 93 of 100 Step 4 Cut out stringers as marked. Spot prime or otherwise seal all exposed end grain. Step 5 Cut cleats to pattern shown and primer or seal all over. Fasten in position using two galvanised bolts, nuts and washers. Pre-bore bolt holes not less than 50 mm from ends of cleats. Step 6 At the foot, secure the angle bracket. The location of the galvanised angle bracket can be fixed and the Loxon, Ramset, or similar fastenings installed in the existing patio floor or path once the stringers are in place. If a new concrete slab is necessary, it should be level and wide enough to make another standard size ground level tread, and it should be placed in accordance with the step/tread pattern. Step 7 Cut ledger of a length sufficient to project about 150mm each side of stringers. Step 8 Use three galvanised bolts, nuts and washers, or coach screws to secure the ledger to the fascia or timber board, or to the edge of the deck. Pre-bore bolt holes at least 50 mm from the ledger's end. Step 9 Fix stringers to angle brackets at foot and screw nail to ledger ensuring that they are located parallel, vertical, and at spacing as required for treads. Step 10 Cut treads to length. Sightly round or bevel each long edge. Spot prime or otherwise seal end grain of each tread, particularly where steps will be exposed to weather.

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 94 of 100 Step 11 Fix treads in place, nailing through stringer into end of tread and through pre drilled holes into the cleats. Use three 75 x 3.75 mm galvanised bullet head nails into each end of tread and through tread into cleats. Source: https://www.homedesigndirectory.com.au/diy/diy-timber-steps.php Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 95 of 100 Simulated Learning Activities Record Unit of competency CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs Instructions for the Learner By signing the below, I hereby certify that the activities are my own work, based on my personal study and/or research. I have acknowledged that all materials and resources used have not been copied in part or whole, or otherwise plagiarised the work of other learning and/or other person. Instructions for the Trainer The Trainer is required to complete this Simulated Learning Task Record Sheet once the Learner has completed all requirements for the Simulated Learning Activities for this unit of competency, the Learner's work has been reviewed by the Trainer, and relevant feedback has been provided. Site: Learning Activity Satisfactory Date More evidence Date Simulated Learning Activities ☐ ☐ Context detail (Assessor to record) Attempt 1 ____/____/____ Attempt 2 ____/____/____ Attempt 3 ____/____/____ Appeals: If you receive a Not Satisfactory result you have the right to appeal. You have three assessment attempts. Assessor feedback to learner: The Assessor must write full feedback to the learner that is constructive and not generic. Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____ Assessor Name: Assessor Signature: Date: ____/____/____

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 96 of 100 Self-Assessment Questionnaire – Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs 1. Each flight of stairs must have no more than 18 or less than 2 risers. ☐ True ☐ False 2. The simplest method, suitable for external stairs using rough sawn timber, is to use a power saw to cut along the lines marked for the treads. ☐ True ☐ False 3. Which of the following is the Australian Standard for softwood, hoop pine and cypress pine? ☐ AS 2082 ☐ AS 2858 ☐ AS 2080 ☐ AS 2886 4. True or False. For stringers and treads risers are usually 25mm thick. ☐ True ☐ False 5. True or False. Open tread stairs are recommended for external use since housed risers will trap moisture and prevent good drainage and drying out. ☒ True ☐ False 6. True or False. Openings in balustrades (including decorative balustrades) or other barriers must be constructed so that any opening does not permit a 125mm sphere to pass through it and for stairs; the space is tested above the nosing line. ☐ True ☐ False 7. A variety of non-slip products have been designed to improve traction on hazardous surfaces: ☐ To stop insects ☐ In an attempt to reduce the risk of a slip and fall injury ☐ To catch dust

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 97 of 100 8. What is represented in the image below? ☐ Supporting stringers ☐ Newels ☐ Risers 9. Failing to correctly plan and communicate clear instructions and information before starting maintenance can lead to confusion and can cause accidents. ☐ True ☐ False 10. An untidy workplace is a sign of hard work and should be untouched as it is an organised mess and tools can be located easier ☐ True ☐ False

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 98 of 100 Self-Assessment Record Unit of competency CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs Instructions for the Learner By signing the below, I hereby certify that the activities are my own work, based on my personal study and/or research. I have acknowledged that all materials and resources used have not been copied in part or whole, or otherwise plagiarised the work of other learning and/or other person. Instructions for the Trainer The Trainer is required to complete this Simulated Learning Task Record Sheet once the Learner has completed all requirements for the Simulated Learning Activities for this unit of competency, the Learner's work has been reviewed by the Trainer, and relevant feedback has been provided. Site: Learning Activity Satisfactory Date More evidence Date Self-Assessment Questionnaire ☐ ☐ Context detail (Assessor to record) Attempt 1 ____/____/____ Attempt 2 ____/____/____ Attempt 3 ____/____/____ Appeals: If you receive a Not Satisfactory result you have the right to appeal. You have three assessment attempts. Assessor feedback to learner: The Assessor must write full feedback to the learner that is constructive and not generic. Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____ Assessor Name: Assessor Signature: Date: ____/____/____

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Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Training Package Page 99 of 100 Final Learning Participation Outcome Record Unit of competency CPCCCA3016 Construct, assemble and install timber external stairs The following record must be used to determine readiness for assessment after a Learner has completed all Learning Activities, Simulated Learning Activities, and the Self-Assessment Questionnaire, relating to this unit of competency. The overall outcome decision for this Learner Activity Workbook is to be recorded as either Satisfactory or Not Satisfactory. Learning Outcome S – Satisfactory NS – Not Satisfactory Learning Task CPCCCA3016 1. Learning Activities  S  NS 2. Simulated Learning Activities  S  NS 3. Self-Assessment Questionnaire  S  NS The overall outcome for this Learner Activity Workbook is:  SATISFACTORY  NOT SATISFACTORY Assessor comments: I hereby certify that the Learning Activities, the Self-Assessment Questionnaire, and Simulated Learning Activities, are my own work based on my personal study. I declare that I have spent ______ hours undertaking learning related to this unit of competency. Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____ Assessor Name: Assessor Signature: Date: ____/____/____

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3. CPCCCA3016 Learner Activity workbook

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