workandenergy-1201 Lab final

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1201A

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Mechanical Engineering

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Dec 6, 2023

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Work and Energy - 9 Data and Work Sheets - Print or bring it on an electronic device Work and Energy - Physics 1201A 2022-2023 Please circle the appropriate values Course 1101A 1201A 1401A 1501A Lab Section 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 013 014 Lab Subsection A B C D Name First: Last: Student # Lab Partner First: Last: Lab Station # Date Demonstrator Disclaimer: Please note that some but not all questions in this lab writeup will be graded. EXPERIMENT 1: PRELIMINARY ADJUSTMENT OF THE APPARATUS DATA AND CALCULATIONS Levelling the air track Place the car at one end of the track and send it through both photogates. If the track is hori- zontal, the timers should read the same time to within 5%. If necessary, adjust the leg(s) at one end of the track in order to level it. (Adjust at the end that is not connected to the air hose.) Timer reading: t 1 = t 2 = Percent difference between the two readings: (Should be less than 5% for better accuracy.) What conclusion can you draw from the percent difference test? Senitha Kumarapeli 2 5 I 2 9 3 0 3 0 clarence 18 Nov 22 2022 Adrien t Annika 0.164 0.165 diff É Hoot 01 4 100 0.6 257.1 Since the percentage is less than St it means the track is level
Work and Energy - 10 EXPERIMENT 2: CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY Units in data: Measure x 1 , x 2 , ` , D and H in centimeters (cm) and record in cm. Convert data into SI units in the first step in your calculation. All calculations must be done in SI units. Uncertainty in x 1 , x 2 : These are ‘positions’ of the photogates, and the uncertainty is ± 0.05 cm. Uncertainty in ` , D , H and L : These are length measurements. The uncertainty is ± 0.1 cm. However, estimate d D to be higher since D is difficult to measure. Uncertainty in m : Add the uncertainties in masses and the pan balance used. Record absolute uncertainties in data to one significant figure. Follow the rules for subtraction, addition, multiplication and division. Keep the correct number of significant figures in derived quantities. DATA Table 1: Dimensions of the Apparatus Item Measurement & Uncertainty 1st Photogate x 1 ± d x 1 = 2nd Photogate x 2 ± d x 2 = Length of flag on air car ` ± d ` = Distance between track legs D ± d D = Mass of air car m ± d m = Height of aluminum tube H ± d H = = = CALCULATIONS Convert all units into SI units in your calculations. d H avg = meter ruler reading uncertainty + 1 / 2 ( H max - H min ) d L = d x 1 + d x 2 Distance between photogates L ± d L = L = x 2 - x 1 Average H H avg ± d H avg = 0.56m I 0.0005 1 268m I 0.0005 0.12 MI 0.001 0.1015m I 0.001 0.2187kg I 0.001 0.0099m I 0.0005 0.01 M I 0.0005 O 011m I 0.0005 0.588m I 0.001 0.01 I 0.0005
Work and Energy - 11 Calculate the vertical height h between the points A and B . Find the absolute uncertainty d h. Write your answer in the form h ± d h units. Since h is an intermediate value, keep d h to two significant figures (Notes to Students: Section 3.4). h = L sin q = LH avg D (14) d h h = d L L + d H avg H avg + d D D Record h ± d h as an intermediate value: h ± d h (Intermediate value of d h has two significant figures.) Calculate the car’s initial gravitational potential energy at A , U A = mgh . Use g = 9.804 ± 0.001 m/s 2 . Then find the fractional ( d U A / U A ) and absolute uncertainties ( d U A ) in U A . Record U A in the form U A ± d U A units. U A = m g h (15) d U A U A = d m m + d g g + d h h Intermediate value: U A ± d U A 4 0 58844018,01m 0.005793m 8k958m t m t 0.0440m Sh 0.00291 0.005793 I 0 00291 0 004587 0 000102 0.218kg 9 804m15 0.005793 Vat 0.0124J Tig 9 4 É 0.0124 80A 0 00628 0.0124 I 0.00628J
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Work and Energy - 12 The values in the last column E A - E B must be close to zero. If they are not, your data may have a problem. Verify your data and calculations, and contact the demonstrator if necessary. Table 2: Energy of the Air Car (initial) t A (s) ± (final) t B (s) ± v A (m/s) v B (m/s) K A (Joules) (total initial energy) E A = U A + K A (Joules) (total final energy) E B = K B (Joules) E A - E B (Joules) Sample calculation of E A - E B Select one trial from Table 2, and starting from the first column, show how you will calculate v A , v B , K A , K B , E A and E A - E B . Show the equation and the first step of substituting numerical values into the equation and units. Each t value in the first two columns has three significant figures. Carefully think of how many significant figures you should keep in subsequent columns. v A = l / t A E A = U A + K A v B = l / t B E B = K B K A = 1 / 2 mv 2 A E A - E B K B = 1 / 2 mv 2 B In an ideal experiment, E A (initial total mechanical energy) should be equal to E B (final total mechanical energy) because the total mechanical energy in the system is conserved, and therefore the values in the last column in Table 2 should be zero. However, you will probably find that the two values, E A and E B , are not exactly equal because of the experimental uncertainties involved. Next, perform the overlap test to check whether the two values E A and E B are equal within their experimental uncertainties (Notes to Students: Section 5). 0.237 0.2060 5060.583 0.0279 0.0403 0.037 0.0033 0.285 0.225 0.421 0.533 0.0193 0.0317 0.0310 0.0007 0.288 0.237 0.4180 5060.0189 0.0313 0.0279 0.0034 0.286 0.229 0.419 0.5200.0191 0.03153 0 02950.0015 0.5060ms 0.01245 0.02795 70.040352 HE 0.5830ms 420.211kg 0.506ms 0.0270g 0.037 0.04035 0.037 J 0.0033 Y2 0.211kg 0.58345 0.03585
Work and Energy - 13 How to compare E A and E B using the overlap test: Select one trial to perform sample cal- culations and the overlap test. First we must calculate the absolute uncertainties, d E A and d E B . Absolute uncertainty, d E A Since E A = U A + K A , you can write, d E A = d U A + d K A . Use the d U A value found in the last part. Calculate d K A using the following equation. Use t A , v A and E A values that you selected from Table 2. K A = 1 2 m v 2 A = 1 2 m l t A 2 , d K A = d m m + 2 d l l + 2 d t A t A K A (16) d E A = d U A + d K A The total initial mechanical energy = E A ± d E A Record the above values in intermediate value format. Absolute uncertainty, d E B E B = U B + K B = K B and therefore, d E B = d K B . We can use the Equation (17) to calculate d K B . However, we have to use t B and v B instead of t A and v A . Use t B , v B , and E B values obtained for the trial you selected. K B = 1 2 m v 2 B = 1 2 m l t B 2 , d K B = d m m + 2 d l l + 2 d t B t B K B (17) d E B = d U B + d K B = d K B The total initial energy = E B ± d E B Record the above values in intermediate value format. Ka 0.02795 gpa 4 8 4884 2 8 55 0.02795 0.0047 0.0034 0.0084 0 0229 0 0004615 0.00628 0.000461 0.0067415 0.0403 I 0.006741J 143 0.037 gap 18 1 1 2 8 14 26 60.037 SUB 40.00045 0.0034 0.0048 0 037 0.000325 0.03710 00032J
Work and Energy - 14 OVERLAP TEST: Finally, compare E A and E B using the overlap test. An example of overlap test is given in Notes to Students: Section 5.1. Use the intermediate values of d E A and d E B (i.e., 2 significant figures). | E A - E B | ( d E A + d E B ) (18) Is the test successful? If E A = E B , what does this mean? Write your answers in the space above. EXPERIMENT 3: WORK DONE BY AN EXTERNALLY APPLIED FORCE DATA AND CALCULATIONS Table 3: Work Done by an External Force (initial) t A (s) (final) t B (s) v A = ` / t A (m/s) v B = ` / t B (m/s) E A = 1 / 2 mv 2 A (Initial energy) (Joules) E B = 1 / 2 mv 2 B + mgh (Final energy) (Joules) W ext = E B - E A (Joules) Experimental W ext = F L (Joules) Theoretical Average W ext : Theoretical work done, W ext : The force F is the tension in the string attached to the car. An analysis of the system used in this experiment (Figure 5) shows that the magnitude of F is given by Equation (19) where: sin q = H avg / D , m = mass of the air car, m 1 = 30 g = mass attached to the string. Calculate the theoretical value of F using Equation (19), and then W ext using Equation (20). F is an intermediate value. Think about how many significant figures you should keep in the answer. F = m m 1 m + m 1 g ( 1 + sin q ) (19) 10.0403 0.0371 0.00674 0.00032 0.0038 0.007020 yes testgefessted This means thatthe mechanical energy was conserved 0.168 0.0990.7143 1.212 0.0558 0.1725 0 11720.1546 0.167 0.9099 0.7185 1.212 0.05627 0 1725 0.1162 0.1546 0.167 0.09 0.7185 4.212 0.05627 0.1725 0.1162 0.1546 0.1165 0.03 5488 1.0169 9.804 0.01 É fan 0 017 0 0.01701 sina.oizj qqF o.am
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Work and Energy - 15 W ext = F L (20) Compare the average W ext from Table 3 to the theoretical W ext above using the percent difference test. Is the test successful? If W ext , experimental = W ext , theoretical what does that mean? (See the example in Section 5.2, Notes to Students). Percent difference test: W ext , experimental - W ext , theoretical ( W ext , experimental + W ext , theoretical ) / 2 100 < 10% (21) If W ext , experimental = W ext , theoretical within 10% error, what does that mean? Post-Lab Question: Answer the following questions without help from your demonstrator. You may discuss with your lab partner. 1) Suppose you throw a ball of mass m straight up with an initial vertical velocity v (m/s) and catch it later. Answer the following questions assuming there is no air friction or no non-conservative forces acting on the ball. Define potential energy as zero at the level where the ball leaves your hand. Your answers must contain only m and v and no other variables like height. You can find the answers easily if you think about the conservation of mechanical energy of the system. (a) What is the kinetic energy of the ball when it was leav- ing your hand? (b) What is the mechanical energy of the ball when it was leaving your hand? (c) What is the mechanical energy of the ball at the maximum height? (d) What is the mechanical energy of the ball when you catch it later? 2) How much work is done by gravity on the hanging mass in Experiment 3 as it drops a height L ? 01844 5 4 100 0 027 lot oozy lot 08 gg z This proves that the work energy theorem is true K Yz my 2 K Yzma energy put into E Yzma the throw Ee Yz my 2 we É d so led and É mg so the work done by gravity can be calculated by taking the multiplication ofLama 9.804
Work and Energy - 16 CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION Summarize all your conclusions drawn from your results. Separate your conclusions into different sections rather than writing an essay. Discuss your results. Are they successful? If not, explain why? Your results must support your explanation. Do you have any suggestions to improve any part of your experiment? Final Mark In experiment 1 the air track was tested If the percentage difference test between the two timer readings was less than st the track was level In experiment 2 the energy of a car travelling down an inclined ramp was observed After calculating the intial and final energies of the car the conservation of total mechanical energy was proven to be true using the overlap test In experiment 3 the work done by an external applied force to the car The theoretical work was compared tothe experimental work done using the percentage difference test The percentage difference found was below the 10 uncertainty range so it proved that the work energy theorem is true the work done by an external force is equal to the difference between the final and initial mechanical energies ofthe system since all results were successful no changes one needed tobe made to the test An improvement could be to repeat the exprivent at different heights