325587485-Fluids-Lab-Report
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Uploaded by ChiefFog12162
Curtin University
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Fluid Mechanics
Lab Report
Flow Through Pipes
By
Name: Dhruv Patel
Student Id: 18109775
Date Lab Performed: 26
th
May 2016
Due Date: 9
th
June 2016
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
.......................................................................
1
2.0 Objective
...........................................................................
1
3.0 Background
.......................................................................
1
3.1
Reynolds Number
.....................................................................
1
3.2
Hydraulic Gradient
...................................................................
3
3.3
Friction factor
..........................................................................
3
3.4
Moody Chart
............................................................................
4
4.0 Procedure
..........................................................................
4
4.1
Apparatus
................................................................................
4
4.2
Water manometer readings
......................................................
5
4.3
Mercury Manometer Readings
...................................................
5
5.0
Experimental results
..........................................................
6
6.0 Analysis
.............................................................................
9
7.0 Discussion
.......................................................................
10
8.0 Conclusion
.......................................................................
11
9.0 Appendix
..........................................................................
12
Appendix I
....................................................................................
12
Appendix II
...................................................................................
14
Appendix III
..................................................................................
15
List of Tables and figure
Table 1: Properties of water, mercury and pipe
...........................
6
Table 2: Water Manometers Reading
..........................................
6
Table 3: Mercury Manometer Reading
........................................
6
Table 4: Results Sheet
..............................................................
7
Table 5: Experimental and Theoretical Friction Factor
.................
9
Y
Figure 1: Laminar flow in a Pipe
................................................
2
Figure 2: Turbulent flow in a pipe
..............................................
2
Figure 3: Transitional flow in a Pipe
...........................................
3
Figure 4:
Laboratory equipment for the study of flow through a
pipe
.........................................................................................
4
Fig 5: Hydraulic Gradient vs Mean velocity
.................................
8
Fig 6: Friction factor vs Reynolds Number
..................................
8
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1.0 Introduction
The purpose of this laboratory session is to further develop the
understanding of flow in pipes where the laminar, turbulent and
transitional flows were flows that were dealt with. In this experiment, the
pressure gradient in the pipe was measured and the pipe’s friction factor
was evaluated for different flow rates.
2.0 Objective
The main objectives of this experiment are as follow:
To identify the values of Reynolds number for the three laminar,
transitional and turbulent flows in a pipe with a circular cross-
sectional.
To understand the concept of friction applied in pipe flow and to
obtain the friction factor for different flow rates and Reynolds
number using both the diameter of the pipe and the graphical
method.
To identify the floe-speed regions for different flow from relationship
of the velocity and the hydraulic gradient using the graphical
method.
To carefully understand the concept of the Darcy friction and know
how to calculate for laminar and turbulent flow.
3.0 Background
Before performing the experiment there few aspects, which needs to be
looked down fully to understand the fluid, flow through pipes.
3.1Reynolds Number
The Reynolds number is the dimensionless quantity used to predict the
flow patters in the different fluid flow situation.
Reynolds number is a
measure of the importance of inertia to viscosity effects.
Reynolds Number (R
e
)
Fluid density
(
ρ
)
X Typical Flowspeed
(
Um
)
X Typicallength
(
D
)
Dynamic viscosityof the fluid
(
v
)
There are three types of flows that can be determined by using the
Reynolds Number:
1
1.
Laminar flow
2.
Transitional flow
3.
Turbulent flow
There values can be affected by the friction factor within the pipe.
For the flow in round pipe, we have:
Re < 2100- Laminar flow
2100 < Re < 4000- Transitional flow
Re > 4000 - Turbulent flow
When the Re<2100, the flow is said to be laminar and therefore it is
steady and smooth. As the velocity increases the Re increases and
therefore the flow enter a transitional phase where the range of Re is,
2100<Re<4000, in this phase the fluid is not considered to be smooth or
chaotic. As the velocity increases further, the fluid enters the turbulent
flow where the fluid loses energy and the range of turbulent flow is,
Re>4000.
The flow is laminar at very low flow rates and dominates viscous effect. In
the fully develop region, the viscous forces are in equilibrium with
pressure forces so that the velocity profile and pressure gradient remain
constant along the pipe. The velocity at the pipe wall is zero hence; the
fluid is no slip at wall. The velocity reaches maximum at pipe centreline.
Figure 1: Laminar flow in a Pipe
In turbulent flow (Re > 4000), the fluid experiences random, chaotic
motion, including strong eddy transport on a macro scale, compared with
the molecular motion in laminar flow. At high velocity, the fluid
continuously undergoes changes in both size and magnitude by which it
mixes in an irregular manner and results to a change in the flows
behavior constantly. It is however time dependent as it takes time to be
created. At the higher flow speeds associated with the turbulent flow the
in pipes the effect of viscosity only penetrates a small region close to wall
as shown in figure below.
2
Figure 2: Turbulent flow in a pipe
Lastly transitional flow, this is when the velocity of the fluid increases at
some certain point when the flow is neither laminar nor turbulent.
Because the increase in velocity the fluid flow is first broken down then
turns to turbulent flow. It is a mixture of laminar and turbulent flow as
shown in figure.
Figure 3: Transitional flow in a Pipe
3.2
Hydraulic Gradient
Hydraulic gradient is the ratio of loss of head to length. It is define as:
i
=
h
L
L
As the fluid flow through the pipe the viscosity of the fluid and surface
inside the pipe offers resistance to the flow and in overcoming the same,
energy of flowing water is lost. This loss of energy over the weight of
water is called loss of head h
L
and is given by
Darcy’s formula:
h
L
=
f
LV
2
D
2
g
Where, D is the diameter of pipe, V is the mean velocity of fluid flow and L
is the length across which the loss is measured and f is know as Darcy’s
friction coefficient.
3.3
Friction factor
The friction factor (f) is the ratio of wall shear stress to internal force of
the flow. Its is define as:
3
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f =
ΔP
(
D
L
)
ρV
2
2
Darcy’s Friction Factor
This is used to calculate the friction factors for laminar and turbulent
flows.
For laminar flow;
f
=
64
ℜ
From the above equation, it shows that when the Reynolds Number
increases the friction factor decreases.
For Turbulent flow in smooth pipes and Re < 100,000.
f
=
0.316
ℜ
1
4
Dracy’s Friction factor depends on Reynolds number and relative
roughness
ε
D
.
ε is define as the small diameter of small uniform and
grain coated inside the pipe wall that yield the same limiting value for
rough condition
Furthermore, friction factor can be found using Moody chart (shown in
Appendix A). It is a function of relative roughness
ε
D
where
ε
= pipe
roughness and D = pipe diameter. The moody chart shows all three flows,
for each flow there is a corresponding value for the friction factor, the
relative roughness and the Reynolds Number.
3.4
Moody Chart
The Moody chart or Moody diagram is a graph in
non-dimensional
form
that relates the
Darcy-Weisbach friction factor
f
,
Reynolds number
Re, and
relative roughness
for fully developed
flow
in a circular pipe. It is used to
find estimate friction factor.
4.0 Procedure
4.1Apparatus
A small horizontal pipe of diameter 3mm is utilised to measure the friction
loss. The figure below displays the positioning of the lab that outlines the
path of water from the supply to the bell-mouth opening to a straight
pipe. The water is carried to the straight pipe through a flexible hose. It is
4
through this pipe that the friction loss will be measured. An upstream
section is made at a distance of 45-pipe diameter from the entrance of
the pipe, where piezometer trappings are located. Similarly, a
downstream exists 40 pipe diameters away from the pipe exit. The
accuracy of the distance of the streams needs to be maintained so that
the results are not being influenced by disturbances near the pipe
entrance or exit. The differential pressure is measured when the
piezometer tapping is connected to an inverted U-tube manometer. The
rate of flow along the pipe is measured using the timing of water
collection in a measuring cylinder.
Figure 4:
Laboratory equipment for the study of flow through a pipe
The first step is to make sure that the manometer and the other
instruments are all on the one level and stand vertically. The readings are
taken in 2 sets. The lower flow rates are measured using the water
manometer and the mercury manometer is used for higher flow rates.
The readings are taken in 2 sets due to the large range of head
differences. In total, 30 reading were recorded in the following manner:
4.2Water manometer readings
1.
Open the bench supply valve and adjust until there is a steady flow
down the supply tank overflow pipe.
5
2.
Made sure the needle valve is closed initially and overflow was
allowed to occur before starting the experiment.
3.
Turned on the isolating tap to read the manometer.
4.
Used the needle valve to regulate the flow rates through the pipe
for the 12 readings, started from a low flow rate.
5.
Took readings of water manometer h
1
and h
2.
6.
Collected a suitable quantity of water in measuring cylinder and
recorded the time taken for the collection, hence made sure the exit
pipe is above the water and kept the cylinder below the apparatus.
7.
12 results were recorded after repeating steps 4, 5 and 6.
4.3Mercury Manometer Readings
1.
The water supply to the pipe is directly from the bench supply
instead of the elevated tank, this will allow higher flow rates.
2.
Isolate the water manometer by switching the tap to the mercury
manometer.
3.
Made sure the needle valve was closed initially to make sure that
both mercury manometers levels are equal.
4.
Used the needle value to regulate water flow by turning it by a
quarter and then read the mercury levels of h
1
and h
2.
5.
Suitable amount of water was collected in the cylinder and the time
was noted down for collecting the amount.
6
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6.
18 tests were taken by repeating step 4 and 5 for the transitional
and turbulent flows.
7.
Calculate the flow rates in a similar way as in the 1
st
procedure.
5.0
Experimental results
Table 1: Properties of water, mercury and pipe
Density of water (kg/m
3
)
1000
Dynamic viscosity of water at 20⁰C
(N.s/m
2
)
0.001002
Diameter of pipe (mm)
3
Length of pipe between piezometer
trappings (mm)
524
Roughness height of pipe-wall
material, Ԑ (mm)
0.0015
Density of mercury (kg/m
3
)
13500
Table 2: Water Manometers Reading
Tes
t
No.
Qty
(ml)
Δt (s)
Flow rate, Q
(m
3
/s)
V (m/s)
h
1
(mm)
h
2
(mm)
Hydraulic
gradient,
i
1
10
19.63
5.09424E-07
0.073
352
338
0.027
2
50
41.42
1.20715E-06
0.171
360
328
0.062
3
50
27.48
1.81951E-06
0.258
364
318
0.088
4
50
19.28
2.59336E-06
0.367
374
308
0.126
5
50
14.8
3.37838E-06
0.478
382
295
0.167
6
50
12.26
4.0783E-06
0.577
391
282
0.209
7
50
20.8
2.40385E-06
0.341
410
260
0.287
8
100
19.25
5.19481E-06
0.735
423
245
0.34
9
150
17.08
8.7822E-06
1.243
438
229
0.399
10
150
25.13
5.96896E-06
0.845
454
208
0.47
11
150
24.36
6.15764E-06
0.872
469
195
0.523
12
150
22.98
6.52742E-06
0.924
489
165
0.619
Table 3: Mercury Manometer Reading
Test
No.
Qty
(ml)
Δt (s)
Flow rate, Q
(m
3
/s)
V (m/s)
h
1
(mm)
h
2
(mm)
Hydraulic
gradient,
i
13
100
30.93
3.23311E-06
0.458
143
140
0.072
14
100
18.64
5.36481E-06
0.759
149
135
0.334
7
15
150
21.74
6.89972E-06
0.977
154
130
0.573
16
200
22.16
9.02527E-06
1.277
161
123
0.907
17
250
23.12
1.08131E-05
1.53
170
116
1.289
18
250
20.59
1.21418E-05
1.718
178
109
1.646
19
300
22.43
1.33749E-05
1.893
185
102
1.98
20
300
21.66
1.38504E-05
1.96
193
95
2.338
21
300
20.21
1.48441E-05
2.101
198
92
2.529
22
350
21.27
1.64551E-05
2.328
204
86
2.815
23
350
21.27
1.64551E-05
2.328
210
81
3.078
24
400
22.83
1.75208E-05
2.479
217
75
3.388
25
400
33.1
1.20846E-05
1.71
219
73
3.483
26
400
20.86
1.91755E-05
2.713
223
69
3.674
27
500
25.98
1.92456E-05
2.723
228
64
3.913
28
500
24.93
2.00562E-05
2.838
234
59
4.175
29
500
24.44
2.04583E-05
2.895
239
55
4.39
30
500
23.99
2.0842E-05
2.949
247
48
4.748
Table 4: Results Sheet
Hydraulic gradient,
i
V (m/s)
Reynolds
number, Re
Friction
factor, f
0.027
0.073
215.775
L
0.2967
2
0.062
0.171
511.307
L
0.1252
3
0.088
0.258
770.681
L
0.0831
4
0.126
0.367
1098.46
L
0.0583
5
0.167
0.478
1430.967
L
0.0448
6
0.209
0.577
1727.431
L
0.0371
7
0.287
0.341
1018.188
L
0.0629
8
0.34
0.735
2200.344
T
0.0291
9
0.399
1.243
3719.843
T
0.0173
10
0.47
0.845
2528.25
T
0.0254
11
0.523
0.872
2608.166
T
0.0246
12
0.619
0.924
2764.792
T
0.0232
13
0.072
0.458
1369.435
L
0.0468
14
0.334
0.759
2272.351
T
0.0282
15
0.573
0.977
2922.489
T
0.0219
16
0.907
1.277
3822.799
T
0.0168
17
1.289
1.53
4580.083
TU
0.0385
18
1.646
1.718
5142.862
TU
0.0374
19
1.98
1.893
5665.173
TU
0.0365
20
2.338
1.96
5866.566
TU
0.0362
21
2.529
2.101
6287.473
TU
0.0355
22
2.815
2.328
6969.823
TU
0.0346
23
3.078
2.328
6969.823
TU
0.0346
24
3.388
2.479
7421.219
TU
0.0341
25
3.483
1.71
5118.623
TU
0.0374
26
3.674
2.713
8122.072
TU
0.0333
8
Laminar Flow-L
Transition Flow-T
Turbulent Flow-TU
27
3.913
2.723
8151.772
TU
0.0333
28
4.175
2.838
8495.108
TU
0.033
29
4.39
2.895
8665.427
TU
0.0328
30
4.748
2.949
8827.972
TU
0.0327
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
R² = 0.79
R² = 0
R² = 0
Hydraulic Gradient vs Mean Velocity
Laminar Flow
Linear (Laminar Flow)
Transient Flow
Linear (Transient Flow)
Turbulent Flow
Linear (Turbulent Flow)
Mean Velocity V (m/s)
Hydraulic Gradient i
Fig 5: Hydraulic Gradient vs Mean velocity
0
5000
10000
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
Experimental Friction Factor and Reynolds Number
Laminar Flow
Logarithmic (Laminar
Flow)
Transient Flow
Linear (Transient Flow)
Turbulent Flow
Linear (Turbulent Flow)
Reynolds Number, Re
Friction Factor, f
Fig 6: Friction factor vs Reynolds Number
9
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6.0 Analysis
The theoretical values of friction were obtained by plotting the values of
Reynolds number on the Moody chart. For the turbulent flow, the value of
friction was predicted by plotting the range of Reynolds numbers on the
moody chart using the equivalent roughness ε/D.
Where ε is the
roughness height of the pipe wall material and D is the Diameter of the
Pipe. To choose the curve from the Moody graph we use equivalent
roughness and plot the range of Reynolds numbers on the curve to obtain
corresponding friction factor value.
ε
D
=
0.0015
3
=
0.0005
mm
The obtained theoretical values from Moody chart are as follow:
Table 5: Experimental and Theoretical Friction Factor
Test No.
Reynolds number,
Re
Friction factor, f
(EXPERIMENTAL)
Friction factor, f
(THEORETICAL)
1
215.775
0.2967
L
0.095
2
511.307
0.1252
L
0.07
3
770.681
0.0831
L
0.06
4
1098.46
0.0583
L
0.059
5
1430.967
0.0448
L
0.048
6
1727.431
0.0371
L
0.0375
7
1018.188
0.0629
L
0.05
8
2200.344
0.0291
T
0.028
9
3719.843
0.0173
T
0.017
10
2528.25
0.0254
T
0.028
11
2608.166
0.0246
T
0.0245
12
2764.792
0.0232
T
0.0235
13
1369.435
0.0468
L
0.052
14
2272.351
0.0282
T
0.028
15
2922.489
0.0219
T
0.023
16
3822.799
0.0168
T
0.017
17
4580.083
0.0385
TU
0.038
18
5142.862
0.0374
TU
0.0362
19
5665.173
0.0365
TU
0.036
20
5866.566
0.0362
TU
0.036
21
6287.473
0.0355
TU
0.0345
22
6969.823
0.0346
TU
0.034
23
6969.823
0.0346
TU
0.034
24
7421.219
0.0341
TU
0.0338
25
5118.623
0.0374
TU
0.036
26
8122.072
0.0333
TU
0.032
10
27
8151.772
0.0333
TU
0.032
28
8495.108
0.033
TU
0.032
29
8665.427
0.0328
TU
0.0321
30
8827.972
0.0327
TU
0.031
Due to the transparency of the chart the obtained values are not
accurate. From the fig5 it is observed that the range of transition zone is
2200.343114
<R
e
<3822.798281.
The flow-speed regions of laminar and
turbulent flow are shown in fig5.
7.0 Discussion
In this experiment it is clearly shown that there is a relationship between
the Hydraulic Gradient (i) and the friction factor
f
and also a relationship
between the Reynolds Number (Re) and the flow rate. In order to get the
accurate results through out the experiment the density of water and
mercury, diameter and volume of pipe were kept constant.
The first 12 readings show a laminar regime and a transitional regime as
shown in the table2 above. It is noticeable that there is a linear
relationship between the hydraulic gradient and the velocity of the fluid
for the first twelve tests. However there were a few errors in the
experiment as the graph is not 100% linear. These errors can include
systematic or human error, as the values may have not been read
properly. If the Moody chart is carefully studied it can be seen that the
experimental values were close to the theoretical values. The theoretical
values of the Reynolds number for the laminar regime was Re<2100 and
the highest experimental value found in this experiment was 1727.431,
which is only off by 1.02% of the theoretical value. Figure 5 shows that at
low velocity the turbulent flow moves to transitional regime and back to
laminar regime as the velocity of the flow increases. However as soon as
there in an increase to the velocity (1m/s) the flow turns to the
transitional regime and that is when the actual transition happens. To
have more accurate results, increase the number of tests and add 50ml
every time instead of 100ml, this will not give the exact values but it can
reduce the number of errors and give a better accurate average value.
In figure 6 the turbulent regime can clearly be seen and compared to the
Moody chart the turbulent flow is more chaotic and less linear. The
experimental turbulent regime starts at Re=4580.083 and the theoretical
Re> 4000. There is an error and therefore to improve the test results
more tests should be done for every test, at least 3 people should record
the time taken to fill the cylinder and have an average of all 3.
The inconsistencies can be accounted for by the amount of friction loss
occurred through the pipe. The dynamic viscosity of water and mercury
affects the Reynolds number and these 2 factors are altered by
temperature. Errors have occurred whilst discovering the hydraulic
gradient. One proposed reason for the errors is the discharged collection
timings. For example, a higher flow of mater results in a difference in
height, which lowers the hydraulic gradient.
11
The friction factors are calculated using the data obtained in the
experiment. Compared to Moody chart, the line 0.0005 matches in
context to roughness. The values for the friction factors are seen in table
5, and the Moody chart is found in the appendix. This can allow for a
visual representation between the similarity of the theoretical friction
factors and the Moody chart.
Compared to the Moody chart, the starting friction factor value is 0.2976,
which is a bit too high in the laminar region. The end value of the
experimental friction factor is 0.0371 and the Reynolds Number is
1727.431
as compared to this Moody chart, the end value is 0.0375. The
experimental value was only by around 0.006, which is very low
considering that the starting friction factor was too high.
For the transitional region, the theoretical value for the friction factor is
about 0.038 and the experimental value is 0.0385, a difference of 0.005,
which is quite low.
For the turbulent flow, the nature of it is that it decreases the friction
factor and that it has been justified in the experiment as seen in table 3.
It can also be justified in the Moody chart. The friction factor remains
constant as the Reynolds Number increases. Relative roughness constant
k
s
D
was used for comparing the values.
Equipment error and human error are the 2 main sources of error. It is
more likely to be human error due to inaccuracy of value as the values
were taken with the assumption of the human eye. Temperature and the
layout of the apparatus can give a difference in theoretical and practical
results.
Friction factor and Reynolds number are inversely proportional, as
observed from the experimental results. This complies with the theory. For
example, a high Reynolds number with laminar flow will have a higher
friction factor whilst with turbulent flow, the vice versa will occur. A large
friction factor will create a viscous effect. The loss of velocity profile will
only occur when the inertial pressure inside the pipe is too large the effect
of friction is no longer relevant.
8.0 Conclusion
The results obtained prove that operation was successful as all the
objectives were achieved. The Reynolds number and the friction were
calculated as well as identifying the types of flows. This experiment helps
to understand the concept of fluid flow through pipes with a relative
roughness and teaches how to calculate the friction factors for the
different regimes. Furthermore, it also helps in understanding the
relationship between the hydraulic gradient and the friction factor.
A background research was carried out and as expected the laminar flow
was linear, the transitional regime had both laminar and turbulent
12
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characteristics and lastly the turbulent flow had a chaotic nature and was
not linear.
This experiment contains errors such as human errors that do not make it
100% accurate, but the level of accuracy is relatively high. This can be
improved by increasing the number of tests and getting an average time
for the water to fill up the cylinder, moreover, having the cylinders high at
an eye level will improve the accuracy. However this will be time
consuming.
9.0 Appendix
Appendix I
Calculations:
1.
Flow rate,
Q
(
m
3
/
s
)
:
Flow rate,
Q
=
Volome ,V
(
m
3
)
Time
(
s
)
1
ml
=
1
×
10
−
6
m
3
Test 5: Qty (ml) = 50, Time (s) = 14.8
Therefore,
Flow rate,
Q
=
Volome ,V
(
m
3
)
Time
(
s
)
=
(
50
×
10
−
6
)
14.8
=
3.38
×
10
−
6
m
3
/
s
2.
Mean velocity calculation,
V
(
m
/
s
)
:
Mean velocity,
V
=
Flow rate ,Q
(
m
3
/
s
)
Area
(
m
2
)
and
Area
=
π
(
D
2
)
4
13
Test 5:
Q
=3.38
×
10
−
6
m
3
/
s
, Area =
7.07
×
10
−
6
m
2
Therefore,
V
=
Flowrate ,Q
(
m
3
/
s
)
Area
(
m
2
)
=
(
4.01
×
10
−
6
)
7.07
×
10
−
6
=
0.478
(
m
/
s
)
3.
Hydraulic gradient,
i
:
L
=
524
mm
=
0.524
m
For water manometer:
i
=
(
h
1
−
h
2
)
L
For mercury manometer:
i
=
(
h
1
−
h
2
)(
12.5
)
L
4.
Reynolds number, Re:
ℜ=
ŪD
v
Where
v
=
μ
ρ
5.
Friction Factor calculation:
For laminar flow:
f
=
λ
=
64
ℜ
For turbulent flow:
f
=
λ
=
0.316
ℜ
1
4
14
Appendix II
Moody Chart attached.
15
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Appendix III
Lab Sheet 1 and 2 attached.
16
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Mountaineers often use a rope to lower themselves
down the face of a cliff (this is called rappelling). They
do this with their body nearly horizontal and their feet
pushing against the cliff (Eigure 1). Suppose that an
78.6-kg climber, who is 1.88 m tall and has a center of
gravity 1.0 m from his feet, rappels down a vertical cliff
with his body raised 40.4° above the horizontal. He
holds the rope 1.54 m from his feet, and it makes a
20.7° angle with the cliff face.
✓ Correct
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Figure
1 of 1
What minimum coefficient of static friction is needed to prevent the climber's feet from slipping on
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Express your answer using two significant figures.
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Q1. I have good information that in Fast 29, Dominic Toretto (Vin Diesel) will need to refill a tire quickly during a dramatic moment. For this reason, he has a 3.00 L tank of compressed air that is under 2.7892*103 mmHg and is kept cool in dry ice at -35.0 °C.
When Dom hooks his compressed air up to his completely empty 10.50 L tire at 39.2 °C and lets it run, what will his final tire pressure be, in atm? Assume all the air is transferred into the tire. Is his tire pressure above the 2.31 atm that he needs to save the planet/his family/his crew?
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5. AUTOMOTIVE. The power an
engine produces is called
horsepower. In mathematical
terms, one horsepower is the
power needed to move 550
pounds one foot in one
second, or the power needed
to move 33,000 pounds one
foot in one minute. Power, in
physics, is defined simply as
the rate of doing work. The
formula below gives the
horsepower at 5,252 radians
per second.
https://philkotse.com/toyota-corona-ior-sale-in-baguio/1991-for-sale-in-aid7017151
625T
1313
where H is the horsepower and T is the torque
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b. If a taxi produces a horsepower of 200, what is the torque it generates?
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O GASES
Interconverting pressure and force
A chemistry graduate student is designing a pressure vessel for an experiment. The vessel will contain gases at pressures up to 470.0 MPa. The student's
design calls for an observation port on the side of the vessel (see diagram below). The bolts that hold the cover of this port onto the vessel can safely withstand
a force of 2.80 MN.
pressure vessel
bolts
side
View
port
Calculate the maximum safe diameter w of the port. Round your answer to the nearest 0.1 cm.
O cm
Explanation
Check
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For steady-state operation, and neglecting potential energy effects, determine the temperature, in °F, and the quality of the refrigerant
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Notes:
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2- Q4 Must be Answered
3-Assume any missing data.
4 تسلم الأسئلة بعد الامتحان مع الدفتر
Subject: Mechanical
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Date: 2022\01\25
2022-2023
Time: Three Hours
Course 1
Attempt 1
Q1/ Design a thin cylindrical pressure tank (pressure vessel) with hemispherical ends to the
automotive industry, shown in figure I below. Design for an infinite life by finding the
appropriate thickness of the vessel to carry a sinusoidal pressure varied from {(-0.1) to (6) Mpa}.
The vessel is made from Stainless Steel Alloy-Type 316 sheet annealed. The operating
temperature is 80 C° and the dimeter of the cylinder is 36 cm. use a safety factor of 1.8.
Fig. 1
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Q2/ Answer the following:
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