MEC511_Lab3

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Toronto Metropolitan University *

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511

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Feb 20, 2024

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1 Course Title: Fluids & Thermodynamics Course Number: MEC 511 Semester/Year: Fall 2023 Instructor: Dr. Jun Cao Assignment/Lab Number: 3 Assignment/Lab Title: Temperature Pressure Relationship Submission Date: Nov 3, 2023 Due Date: Nov 3, 2023 LAST NAME FIRST NAME Student Number Section Signature Table of Contents Summary: ? Introduction: ?
2 Apparatus ? Procedure ? Results ? Discussion ? Conclusion ? Appendix ? References ? Summary : The purpose of the lab was to compare the given pressure and temperature of steam in an enclosed boiler. Then we were tasked to observe the relationship between temperature and pressure. To generate steam for the experiment, we activated the boiler's heating system, causing the water within the enclosed container
3 to reach its boiling point. As the temperature steadily rose, we employed a manometer to gauge the pressure within the boiler. Using the manometer and the temperature sensor provided, we recorded pressure-temperature data points in 0.5 bar increments. The experiment conclusively illustrated that in a controlled, isolated system where steam undergoes a constant volume process, temperature rises concurrently with increasing pressure. Introduction: The main goal of this lab experiment is to investigate the relationship between pressure and temperature for steam undergoing a constant volume process and compare experimental results against reference values. Apparatus: WL 204: Drain Valve Heater Overflow Temperature Sensor Safety valve Filler opening Boiler with insulating jacket Manometer Master switch Heater switch Temperature gauge Procedure: 1. Measure the barometric pressure. Correct for local conditions (temperature, ambient pressure). 2. Switch on the unit at the master switch (9). 3. Switch on the heater at the heater switch (10) and heat up the boiler. The heater control is 4. limited to a temperature of 200°C in order to prevent excess pressure build-up. 5. Deaerating the Boiler: Heat up the boiler to 100 °C. Let the water cook for approx. 1 min. so that the steam can pass through the open valve (3). 6. Log the boiler pressure and temperature values in increments of approximately 0.5 bar (Table 1).
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4 7. Compare your own measurements with the values from the literature. 8. Shutting Down the Boiler: After the experiment switch off the unit at the master switch. Disconnect the unit from the mains power. Leave the boiler to cool down. Results: Table 1 - Results Atmospheric Pressure Relative Pressure Absolute Pressure Temperature 29.03 in Hg bar bar Deg.C 0.986 bar 0.5 1.486 110.3 1.0 1.986 118.8 1.5 2.486 125.9 2.0 2.986 132.1 2.5 3.486 137.4 3.0 3.986 142.5 4.0 4.986 150.4 5.0 5.986 158.0 6.0 6.986 164.0 7.0 7.986 169.8 8.0 8.986 174.4 9.0 9.986 179.2 10.0 10.986 183.3 11.0 11.986 187.1 12.0 12.986 190.9 13.0 13.986 194.3 14.0 14.986 197.5 b/w 14.5 and 15.0 15.486-15.986 200.0
5 Table 2 - Interpolation Absolute Pressure (bar) Temperature ( O C) Pressure Temperature points used Interpolated temperature ( O C) Percentage Error (e%) 1.486 110.3 P 1 (1.00 b, 99.63 °C) P 2 (1.50 b, 111.4 °C) 111.0744 0.697 1.986 118.8 P 1 (1.50 b, 111.4 °C) P 2 (2.00 b, 120.2 °C) 119.9536 0.9617 2.486 125.9 P 1 (2.00 b, 120.2 °C) P 2 (2.50 b, 127.4 °C) 127.1984 0.9617 2.986 132.1 P 1 (2.50 b, 127.4 °C) P 2 (3.00 b, 133.6 °C) 133.4264 0.9941 3.486 137.4 P 1 (3.00 b, 133.6 °C) P 2 (3.50 b, 138.9 °C) 138.7516 0.9741 3.986 142.5 P 1 (3.50 b, 138.9 °C) P 2 (4.00 b, 143.6 °C) 143.4684 0.6749 4.986 150.4 P 1 (4.50 b, 147.9 °C) P 2 (5.00 b, 151.9 °C) 151.788 0.9144 5.986 158.0 P 1 (5.00 b, 151.9 °C) P 2 (6.00 b, 158.9 °C) 157.9146 0.0540 6.986 164.0 P 1 (6.00 b, 158.9 °C) P 2 (7.00 b, 165.0 °C) 164.9020 0.5469 7.986 169.8 P 1 (7.00 b, 165.0 °C) P 2 (8.00 b, 170.4 °C) 170.3244 0.3078 8.986 174.4 P 1 (8.00 b, 170.4 °C) P 2 (9.00 b, 175.4 °C) 175.33 0.5304 9.986 179.2 P 1 (9.00 b, 175.4 °C) P 2 (10.0 b, 179.9 °C) 179.8370 0.3542 10.986 183.3 P 1 (10.0 b, 179.9 °C) P 2 (15.0 b, 198.3 °C) 183.5385 0.1299 11.986 187.1 P 1 (10.0 b, 179.9 °C) 187.2085 0.0579
6 P 2 (15.0 b, 198.3 °C) 12.986 190.9 P 1 (10.0 b, 179.9 °C) P 2 (15.0 b, 198.3 °C) 190.8884 0.00607 13.986 194.3 P 1 (10.0 b, 179.9 °C) (15.0 b, 198.3 °C) 194.5684 0.1379 14.986 197.5 P 1 (10.0 b, 179.9 °C) P 2 (15.0 b, 198.3 °C) 198.2484 0.3775 15.486-15.986 200.0 P 1 (15.0 b, 198.3 °C) P 2 (20.0 b, 212.4 °C) 199.6705- 201.0852 0.1650- 0.5396 The average percentage error between the data for recorded temperature vs expected temperature is 0.494%. The reason for the discrepancies in the data could be due to external factors such as the heat loss from the boiler as well as wear from the equipment. They could also be partially due to human error during the measuring process and rounding errors. Since Table A-3 already includes values that may not result from the same kind of experiment as done in this lab, this may also be a source of error as the values may be different when measured using different experiments. Finally, the steam temperature values were calculated using interpolation and not directly, which may have also caused discrepancies. Conclusion: In this experiment, the pressure and temperature values of the steam in a boiler vessel were measured. These values were compared to the corresponding values found in data table A-3 and the data sets of the theoretical and experimental pressure values were plotted on a graph for comparison. The resulting graph showed the results to be almost identical with the average error percentage of the pressure values being 0.494%. Appendices: P abs = P atm +P R Where P atm = 0.986bar Ratio r = 𝑃 ??? − 𝑃 1 𝑃 2 − 𝑃 1
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7 T* = (1 − ?) × 𝑇 1 + ? × 𝑇 2 Percentage error = 100 × 𝑇−𝑇 * 𝑇 * Note: When comparing our measured steam temperatures with the experimental steam temperatures from the table, we found them to be relatively exact with no trace of any discrepancies. References: 1. D. F. Young, T. H. Okiishi, J. I. Hochstein, A. L. Gerhart, and B. R. Munson, Young, Munson and Okiishi's a brief introduction to Fluid Mechanics . Wiley, 2021.