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Experiment III
Performance of Diesel Engine
MAAE 2400 – Thermodynamics Lab III: Constant-Speed Performance Test of a Diesel Engine
Name – Mohammad Tajwar Rahman Anas
Student ID – 101219846
Lab L10
Prepared For: Colin Ward Date Submitted: March 15
th
, 2023.
1
Experiment III
Performance of Diesel Engine
Table of Contents
Summary
.....................................................................................................................................................
3
Test Procedure
............................................................................................................................................
3
Data Tables
..................................................................................................................................................
4
Calculations
.................................................................................................................................................
5
Discussion
....................................................................................................................................................
6
Error Analysis
...............................................................................................................................................
7
Conclusion
...................................................................................................................................................
8
2
Experiment III
Performance of Diesel Engine
Summary The main objective of this experiment was to measure the torque, power, specific fuel consumption (SF C), and thermal efficiency (η) of a diesel engine at a constant-speed setting. After conducting the experiment, it can be deduced that the engine that was used in this experiment is reliable and efficient.
The efficiency for the engine was found out to be about 29% whilst the published efficiency ranges from 30-35% [1]. The best SFC found out for this experiment is 0.58905 lbm/hp.hr . It can also be deduced from a performance graph that, with increase in power, the SFC increases initially and then drops and decreases until it becomes constant. Test Procedure
The Figure 1 below shows the diesel engine used in the experiment. Figure 2 below shows the schematic
of the diesel engine. At first, the engine is allowed to warm under a light load. The engine speed is then slightly increased to 2800RPM and Torque of 5lb.ft. The fuel flow reading and displayed power measurements are recorded. The torque is then increased to 10lb.ft while maintaining a speed of 2800rpm. The data set is again recorded. This process is repeated for Torque values of 15,20,25,30lb.ft. The Torque is then reduced to 5lb.ft and engine speed to 1600rpm before ending the experiment. 3
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Experiment III
Performance of Diesel Engine
Figure 1: Engine used in the experiment.
Figure 2: Schematic of Diesel engine [2] Data Tables
Table 1: Data sheet for the experiment
Test No. Load scale (lbf·ft)
Engine speed (rpm) Fuel flow (l/min)
engine power (hp)
SFC (lbm/hr.hp) Mass Flow (lbm/hr) 1
5
1600
0.013
1.2
1.2012
1.44144
2
5
2800
0.025
1.7
1.630588235
2.772
3
10
2800
0.03
4
0.8316
3.3264
4
15
2800
0.04
6.8
0.652235294
4.4352
5
20
2800
0.046
8.1
0.629688889
5.10048
6
25
2800
0.056
10.5
0.59136
6.20928
7
30
2800
0.068
12.8
0.58905
7.53984
8
5
1600
0.013
1.1
1.3104
1.44144
Table 2: Data of results
Power in (hp)
55.2 hp
Power out (hp)
15.993
Thermal Efficiency
28.97%
Cost of Electrical Power at best SFC
73.1 cents/kWh
Best SFC
0.58905 lbm/hr.hp
4
Experiment III
Performance of Diesel Engine
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
SFC VS Power Power (hp)
Specific Fuel Consumption (lbm/hr.hp)
Figure 3: Performance graph of SFC vs Power Calculations
1.To calculate the mass flow, convert Fuel flow from litres/min to lbm/hr.
For example, 0.013x60x0.84x2.2 = 1.44 lbm/hr 2.Best SFC is 0.583 since it is the lowest value. P
in
= LHV x mass flow
(43.2 x 10^6 x 3.427)/ 60 x 60
55.2 hp
3.P
out= Torque x speed
=> 30 x 293.2
=> 15.993 hp
4.Cost of diesel= 171.5 cents/litre
5
Experiment III
Performance of Diesel Engine
To do this, cents/litre is converted to cents/kWh using the formula below,
Cost = (cents/litre) x (SFC/Density of the fuel), where cents/litre= 171.1
SFC = 0.58905 lbm/hr.hp
Density of the fuel = 0.84 x 1000 kg/m^3
0.58905/2.2 = 0.26775 kg/hr.hp
0.26775/0.7457 = 0.3591 Kg/hr.kW
171.1 x (0.3591/0.84) = 73.1 cents/kWh
Discussion 1.
The governor's purpose is to control the fuel to the engine cylinders to control the speed of the unit, holding the speed constant for all conditions of load imposed on the generator conditions of load imposed on the generator being driven by the engine [3]. In this experiment, the governor is keeping the
RPM at a relatively constant level. Droop is the decrease in speed that occurs when the governor output shaft moves from the minimum to
the maximum fuel position in response to a load increase, expressed as a percentage of rated speed [4]. Since in the experiment, there is no increase in the speed(rpm) of the engine even after the load was increased, the speed remained constant at 2800 rpm. Hence there is no governor droop in this experiment. 2.
A typical diesel automotive engine operates at around 30% to 35% of thermal efficiency [1]. According
to the experiment and results, thermal efficiency was calculated to be 28.97%. Since, the value obtained is close to the published value, it can be deduced that the diesel engines used in the experiment is efficient. The reason that the diesel engines are not very efficient is because as shown in the Figure below, lot of energy have been lost through heat loss. This heat energy has been dissipated to the surrounding.
Figure 1: Mass flow of Control Volume of Diesel engine
6
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Experiment III
Performance of Diesel Engine
3.
Specific fuel consumption is the amount of fuel consumed by a vehicle for each unit of power output [5]. Hence, a lower SFC is preferred as that would mean that less fuel is burnt and hence more fuel-
efficient engine. Fuel Consumption (FC) is simply the amount of fuel consumed by an engine over a certain period, usually expressed in liters per hour or gallons per hour [6]. It is a measure of the actual amount of fuel used by the engine.
Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC), on the other hand, is the amount of fuel consumed per unit of power output, usually expressed in grams per kilowatt-hour or pounds per horsepower-hour [7]. It is a measure
of the efficiency of the engine in converting fuel into power.
4.
According to the performance graph, the graph starts at about 1.2lbm/hr.hp SFC and then reaches a maximum value of SFC of about 1.6lbm/hr.hp before dropping down and finally become constant at 0.6 lbm/hr.hp. As the power output increases, the SFC tends to decrease due to better combustion efficiency and thermal efficiency. This is because, at higher power levels, the engine operates at higher loads and higher combustion temperatures, leading to more complete combustion of the fuel and a lower SFC [8].
5.
Advantage of diesel engines to generate electricity –
Diesel engine-powered generators can generate far more power than a natural gas engine of the same size. Since Diesel has a higher energy value than natural gas, more power can be generated from a smaller engine compared to natural gas [9].
Diesel engines are more fuel efficient that petrol engines. This means longer running time when running at the same capacity [10].
Disadvantage of diesel engines to generate electricity-
Noise pollution. Diesel units can be very noisy [11]
Diesel generators are far too heavy and bulky to be considered mobile and compact [12].
Error Analysis
Although according to the experiment, the diesel engine’s efficiency was found out to be reliable as compared to the published value. However, there are few errors in the experiment and analysis which are notable.
One of the main reasons for the difference of efficiency is the heat loss to the surroundings.
Another reason is that noise. A lot of energy was lost as noise as the engine was making a lot of noise during when the engine was running.
The experiment was carried out in a closed room and temperature was constant, however when
the door was opened, the temperature dropped, and this might have affected the efficiency of the engine
7
Experiment III
Performance of Diesel Engine
The diesel engine used in this experiment has been used for the same experiment for the past several years and for several times each year, hence due to usage, its natural efficiency got decreased compared to a new one.
The percentage error for the efficiency of the diesel engine is found out to be 3.43% which is good.
Conclusion In conclusion, the engine used for the experiment was efficient and reliable with an efficiency of 28.97%.
With a percentage error of only 3.43%, we can conclude that the diesel engine is reliable. Although it is efficient, a lot of energy is lost to the surrounding as heat energy and sound energy. The performance graph reveals that the SFC increases initially and with the increase of power it decreases and eventually becomes constant. It has a lowest value of SFC of about 0.583lbm/hr.hp.
References
8
Experiment III
Performance of Diesel Engine
[1] https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/
diesel-cycle-diesel-engine/thermal-efficiency-for-diesel-cycle/#:~:text=the%20Carnot%20efficiency.-,A
%20typical%20diesel%20automotive%20engine%20operates%20at%20around%2030%25%20to,i.e.%2C
%20work%20delivered%20to%20wheels.
[2]
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure
%2FSchematic-diagram-of-a-diesel-
engine_fig1_298514922&psig=AOvVaw3YWP5SVUoe4izeInCKDXwS&ust=1678994906432000&source=i
mages&cd=vfe&ved=0CBEQjhxqFwoTCNCJ98nV3v0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAQ
[3] https://bartechmarine.com/blog/governors-droop/#:~:text=Droop%20is%20the%20decrease
%20in,governor%20shows%20a%20negative%20droop
.
[4] https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1122/ML11229A131.pdf
[5] https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/
diesel-cycle-diesel-engine/thermal-efficiency-for-diesel-cycle/
[6] https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Fuel_consumption
[7] https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/sfc.html
[8] https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/sfc.html
[9] https://www.usedvwaudi.com/blog/2019/02/14/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-diesel-vehicles
[10] https://www.usedvwaudi.com/blog/2019/02/14/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-diesel-vehicles
[11] https://www.usedvwaudi.com/blog/2019/02/14/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-diesel-vehicles
[12] https://www.usedvwaudi.com/blog/2019/02/14/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-diesel-vehicles
Appendix
9
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Experiment III
Performance of Diesel Engine
10
Experiment III
Performance of Diesel Engine
11
Experiment III
Performance of Diesel Engine
12
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Experiment III
Performance of Diesel Engine
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Experiment III
Performance of Diesel Engine
14
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