care_and_testing_of_tools_and_equipment

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Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment Edition II © Copyright MMVII T&D PowerSkills, LLC 3504 Parliament Ct. Alexandria, LA 71303 866-880-1380 http://www.tdpowerskills.com All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of T&D PowerSkills, LLC. Printed in the United States of America on September 13, 2017 Revised July 26, 2017

T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 2 General Guidelines The Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment training unit is composed of a video and associated Student Manual. The DVD contains one Course . The course is divided into Lessons , where each Lesson consists of a number of Topics . The number of Lessons and Topics will vary with each course. Recommended Sequence of Instruction 1. After the instructor’s introductory remarks, read the segment objectives found in the block at the beginning of the first segment. 2. Briefly discuss the segment objectives with the instructor and other class members. 3. View the first segment of the video. 4. Read the text segment that corresponds to the first segment of the video. 5. Answer the questions at the end of the text segment. Check your answers with the correct answers provided by the instructor. 6. Participate in a class discussion of the material just covered. Ask any questions you might have concerning the material in the video and the text, and note any additional information given by the instructor. 7. Before proceeding, be sure you understand the concepts presented in this segment. 8. Work through all segments in this manner. 9. A Course Test covering all the material will be administered by the instructor upon completion of the unit. 10. Additional instruction and testing may be provided, at the instructor’s discretion. OSHA Regulations Snap-Shot This T&D PowerSkills Training workbook is designed to be used in conjunction with the associated training DVD/video. OSHA Regulations, primarily in 1926.Subpart V, 1910.269 and 1910.268 will be used in conjunction with this training unit. Where applicable, regulations will be highlighted and placed in a box like this. Regulations are used that are in force at the time of the workbook printing. Instructors and students are expected to review the current OSHA Regulations to familiarize the student with the safety requirements expected by USDOL OSHA, specifically as they relate to the topic being discussed. This information is an important part of this training unit.

Field Performance Requirements (FPR) NAME: ______________________________ #___________ SECTION: OVERHEAD DISTRIBUTION - DE-ENERGIZED UNIT(S): Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment REQUIREMENTS SUPERVISOR SIGN-OFF VG ACC NI NA SEGMENT 1 – INTRODUCTION 1.1 Can describe two types of tests commonly performed on equipment used on transmission and distribution systems .................................................................     SEGMENT 2 – TESTING RUBBER GLOVES, SLEEVES, AND BLANKETS 2.1 Can describe general procedures for performing dielectric tests on rubber gloves, sleeves, and blankets ...............................................................................     2.2 Can demonstrate how to perform visual inspection of rubber gloves, sleeves, and blankets .........................................................................................................     2.3 Can demonstrate how to perform an 'air test' on rubber gloves ...........................     SEGMENT 3 – LINE HOSE, HOODS, AND MECHANICAL JUMPERS 3.1 Can demonstrate how to inspect line hose, hoods, and mechanical jumpers before using them on a job ..................................................................................     SEGMENT 4 – HOT STICKS 4.1 Can describe how to care for and store hot sticks ................................................     4.2 Can demonstrate how to perform a pre-use inspection on a hot stick ..................     __________________________ __________________________ ____________________ Apprentice’s Signature Supervisor's Signature Date Complete  Incomplete  VG = Very Good ACC = Acceptable NI = Needs Improvement NA = Not Able to Complete on this Crew

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T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 4 NOTES: OSHA Regulations Snap-Shot 1910.269(a)(2)(vii) The training shall establish employee proficiency in the work practices required by this section and shall introduce the procedures necessary for compliance with this section. 1910.269(a)(2)(viii) The employer shall ensure that each employee has demonstrated proficiency in the work practices involved before that employee is considered as having completed the training required by paragraph (a)(2) of this section. Note 1 to paragraph (a)(2)(viii) : Though they are not required by this paragraph, employment records that indicate that an employee has successfully completed the required training are one way of keeping track of when an employee has demonstrated proficiency. Note 2 to paragraph (a)(2)(viii) : For an employee with previous training, an employer may determine that that employee has demonstrated the proficiency required by this paragraph using the following process: (1) Confirm that the employee has the training required by paragraph (a)(2) of this section, (2) Use an examination or interview to make an initial determination that the employee understands the relevant safety-related work practices before he or she performs any work covered by this section, and (3) Supervise the employee closely until that employee has demonstrated proficiency as required by this paragraph.

Table of Contents Segment 1: Introduction 7 1.1 Testing of Equipment Used on Transmission and Distribution Systems 7 1.1.1 Dielectric Tests 8 1.1.2 Acoustic Emission Tests Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.2 Guidelines for General Care and Inspection of Tools and Equipment 9 1.2.1 Good Housekeeping 10 1.2.2 Pre-Use Inspections 12 Segment 2: Testing Rubber Gloves, Sleeves, and Blankets 14 2.1 Test Shop Testing 14 2.1.1 Dielectric Testing of Rubber Gloves and Sleeves 14 2.1.2 Dielectric Testing of Rubber Blankets 18 2.1.3 Visual Inspections 19 2.2 Field Inspections of Rubber Goods 23 Segment 3: Line Hose, Hoods, and Mechanical Jumpers 26 3.1 Dielectric Testing 26 3.2 Visual Inspections in the Field 30 Segment 4: Hot Sticks 32 4.1 Care and Storage of Hot Sticks 33 4.2 Pre-Use Inspection 35 4.3 Dielectric Testing 36 Table of Figures Figure 1-1: Dielectric Test Devices .......................................................................................................... 8 Figure 1-2: Typical Storage Component for Rubber Goods ................................................................... 10 Figure 1-3: Storing Gloves in a Bag ........................................................................................................ 11 Figure 2-1: Gloves in a Dielectric Tester ................................................................................................ 15 Figure 2-2: Dielectric Tester Meters ....................................................................................................... 16 Figure 2-3: Sleeves in a Dielectric Tester ............................................................................................... 17 Figure 2-4: Rubber Gloves/Rubber Sleeves ........................................................................................... 17 Figure 2-5: Care and Use of Insulated Rubber Blankets ........................................................................ 18 Figure 2-6: Tools Used to Secure Rubber Blankets ................................................................................ 18 Figure 2-7: Cleaning Tools and Solutions for Rubber Gloves ................................................................ 19 Figure 2-8: Rubber Glove Mounted on an Inflator ................................................................................. 20 Figure 2-9: Rubber Blanket Inspection ................................................................................................... 21 Figure 2-10: Test Stickers Used by Salisbury ......................................................................................... 22 Figure 2-11: Checking Fingers and Palm of a Rubber Glove ................................................................. 23 Figure 2-12: Checking for Air Leaking from an Inflated Glove ............................................................. 24 Figure 3-1: Line Hose in a Dielectric Test Device .................................................................................. 27 Figure 3-2: Dielectric Test Device for Rubber Hoods ............................................................................ 28

T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 6 Figure 3-3: Dielectric Test Device for Mechanical Jumpers .................................................................. 29 Figure 3-4: Inspecting Inside Surfaces of a Line Hose ........................................................................... 30 Figure 4-1: Trailer Used to Store Hot Sticks .......................................................................................... 33 Figure 4-2: Interior of a Hot Stick Storage Trailer ................................................................................. 34 Figure 4-3: Hot Sticks on a Tarpaulin ..................................................................................................... 35 Figure 4-4: Ferrule on a Hot Stick .......................................................................................................... 36 Figure 4-5: Portable Dielectric Tester ..................................................................................................... 37 Figure 4-6: Zero Adjustment Control ..................................................................................................... 38 Figure 4-7: Dielectric Tests Being Performed on Hot Sticks in a Test Facility ...................................... 39

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Introduction T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 7 Segment 1: Introduction Linemen are routinely exposed to electrical hazards. As protection against these hazards, tools and equipment such as line hose, rubber gloves, sleeves, hot sticks, and insulated bucket trucks are used. To ensure that these items are able to provide the required protection, they must be kept in good condition, regularly inspected, and periodically tested. For their safety, linemen need to know how to inspect and care for the equipment they use every day. Understanding the routine tests that are periodically performed on protective equipment enables linemen to have confidence in the equipment. 1.1 Testing of Equipment Used on Transmission and Distribution Systems Much of the equipment used to protect linemen on the job is routinely tested by their company. In the test shop, formal testing procedures are conducted to ensure that the equipment will perform properly on the job. Two types of tests that are commonly performed are dielectric tests and acoustic emission tests. OSHA Regulations Snap-Shot OBJECTIVES: • Describe two types of tests commonly performed on equipment used on transmission and distribution (T and D) systems. • Describe some basic guidelines for keeping tools and equipment in safe operating condition. 1910.137 (b) (ii) (iv) In-service care and use . (ii) Insulating equipment shall be inspected for damage before each day's use and immediately following any incident that can reasonably be suspected of having caused damage. Insulating gloves shall be given an air test, along with the inspection. 1910.137(b)(2)(iv) (iv) Insulating equipment found to have other defects that might affect its insulating properties shall be removed from service and returned for testing.

Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 8 1.1.1 Dielectric Tests Dielectric tests are basically a measurement of the insulating properties of items such as gloves, sleeves, blankets, and line hose. In many companies, dielectric tests are also performed on bucket trucks. The type of power (AC or DC) used to perform dielectric tests may differ from one company to another, but the basic procedures for conducting the tests are essentially the same. Dielectric tests are also conducted on equipment used in the field like bucket trucks. Figure 1-1 shows multiple devices used to perform dielectric tests. In this example, the test is being done on a rubber Glove. The test device is basically a metal housing that contains a sponge covering for the hood. The glove is placed in the test device, and a metal rod is inserted along the entire length of the glove. The rod is the means through which voltage is applied. To conduct the test, a hot lead is attached to the metal rod, and the housing is connected to ground. During the test, a meter indicates the amount of current that leaks through the glove to ground. Figure 1-1: Dielectric Test Devices

Introduction T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 9 During the test, the amount of current leaking through the hood is monitored. If the leakage current is within a specified range of values, the glove is considered safe to use, up to its rated voltage. Rubber goods (hoods, gloves, sleeves, line hose, etc.) are usually rated for a specific maximum voltage. This rating is a guideline; it indicates the test voltage for the item. In practice, most companies build a significant safety margin into their procedures. For example, a pair of rubber gloves rated for 20,000 volts would be tested with an applied voltage of 20,000 volts, but a company might restrict the use of the gloves to significantly lower voltages. For work on higher voltages, gloves with a higher maximum rating would be required. 1.2 Guidelines for General Care and Inspection of Tools and Equipment Although power companies routinely use dielectric tests and acoustic emission tests to ensure that equipment is in safe condition, linemen must also assume responsibility for properly inspecting and caring for the equipment that they use. There are some basic guidelines that apply to the care and inspection of most of the equipment used in T & D work. The two most important keys to ensuring that equipment remains in safe condition are good housekeeping and pre-use inspections.

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Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 10 1.2.1 Good Housekeeping Good housekeeping refers to the practice of properly organizing and storing tools and equipment. For example, most trucks have compartments that are designed to store tools, rubber goods, and other items. Figure 1-2 shows a compartment on a typical bucket truck. In this example, the compartment is reserved for rubber goods such as hoods, line hose, blankets, and gloves. The compartment is physically separated from other compartments, which are used to store specialized tools, chemicals, solvents, and other equipment. Figure 1-2: Typical Storage Component for Rubber Goods Compartments reserved for rubber goods are generally designed to permit these items to be stored flat. Storing rubber goods flat prevents unnatural bends and twists that can weaken rubber or otherwise damage the equipment. Flat storage also keeps equipment neatly organized and readily available.

Introduction T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 11 Rubber gloves and sleeves are further protected by storing them in special canvas bags, like the one shown in Figure 1-3. Sleeves are generally rolled or loosely folded to prevent the rubber from creasing, and then placed in a pocket of the bag. Figure 1-3: Storing Gloves in a Bag

Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 12 Rubber gloves should always be stored with their leather protectors in place. As a general rule, gloves are stored with the fingers at the top of the bag and the cuffs at the bottom to prevent objects from dropping inside the gloves and possibly damaging them. 1.2.2 Pre-Use Inspections Another general guideline for keeping equipment in good condition involves pre-use inspections. Such inspections of tools and equipment help to prevent accidents and equipment malfunctions on the job. Experienced linemen carefully inspect their equipment to make sure it is in good working order before starting a job. Other general guidelines associated with caring for and maintaining tools and equipment include keeping tools and equipment clean and dry. Dirt and moisture can act as conductors and cause electrical arcing when exposed to energized equipment. Hot sticks, rubber goods, and the insulated handles on many kinds of tools are specially coated to prevent the accumulation of moisture and dirt. It is also good practice to store tools and equipment away from direct sunlight. Extended exposure to direct sunlight can cause rubber to weaken. It also deteriorates the special coatings on tool handles and hot sticks, reducing their effectiveness. OSHA Regulations Snap-Shot 1910.134 (f) Training. (1) The employer shall provide training to each employee who is required by this section to use PPE. Each such employee shall be trained to know at least the following: (i) When PPE is necessary; (ii) What PPE is necessary; (iii) How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE; (iv) The limitations of the PPE; and, (v) The proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of the PPE.

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Introduction T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 13 Section Quiz 1-1. ______________ tests are basically a measurement of the insulating properties of items such as rubber gloves, hoods, and line hose. 1-2. Circle the correct answer. General guidelines for keeping equipment and tools in safe operating condition include: a) Storing tools and equipment properly b) Inspecting tools and equipment before using them c) Keeping tools and equipment clean and dry d) All of the above 1-3. True or False. Tools and equipment should generally be stored in direct sunlight to prevent moisture from damaging them. 1-4. As a general rule, rubber gloves should be stored in a canvas bag with the fingers _____________________. (up, down)

Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 14 Segment 2: Testing Rubber Gloves, Sleeves, and Blankets In many companies, rubber goods are sent to a central location, such as a test shop, for testing. Although test procedures and equipment may vary from one company to another, the information obtained from the tests is essentially the same. In this section, the basic procedures for dielectrically testing rubber gloves, sleeves, and blankets are described. The items used as examples are rated for 20,000 volts, and they are tested at rated voltage. 2.1 Test Shop Testing 2.1.1 Dielectric Testing of Rubber Gloves and Sleeves Preparations for testing rubber gloves or sleeves on dielectric equipment generally include unpacking the items to be tested and separating them into test groups. Each group of items is then washed with a mild soap to remove dirt or other conductive material that might have accumulated on them. OBJECTIVES: • Describe general procedures for performing dielectric tests on rubber gloves, sleeves, and blankets. • Describe, in general terms, how visual inspections of rubber gloves, sleeves, and blankets are performed in a typical test shop. • Describe, in general terms, how to inspect rubber goods such as gloves, sleeves, and blankets before using them on a job.

Testing Rubber Gloves, Sleeves, and Blankets T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 15 Figure 2-1 shows a test apparatus used to perform dielectric tests on rubber gloves and sleeves. On this test apparatus, gloves are tested in groups of seven. Each glove is attached to the test apparatus by placing its cuff in clips attached to the machine (Figure 2-1). Depending on the test procedures, the gloves are filled with water, usually to within 1-3 inches of the edge of the cuff. Figure 2-1: Gloves in a Dielectric Tester After all of the gloves have been filled to the appropriate level, they are lowered into a water-filled tank inside the machine, which is connected to ground. A hot lead then applies the test voltage to the water inside the gloves. Rubber gloves are required by OSHA to be tested every six (6) months. Test periods are normally shorter for utilities and contractors that frequently perform work on systems that are energized.

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Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 16 Figure 2-2 shows the meters on the dielectric test apparatus that are used to monitor test results. The meter shown in Figure 2-2A indicates, in kilovolts, the test voltage being applied. The meter shown in Figure 2-2B indicates leakage current in milliamperes. In this example, the test voltage of 20,000 volts (20 kilovolts) is applied to the gloves for three minutes. The amount of current leaking to ground through the gloves during the test is indicated on the milliampere meter. Figure 2-2: Dielectric Tester Meters For the gloves used as an example in this procedure, the maximum allowable leakage current is 18 milliamps. It should be noted, however, that the standards for acceptable performance differ according to the procedures being followed and the items being tested. After the test is concluded, the gloves that have passed the test are removed from the test apparatus and loaded into a dryer. The gloves that have not performed to the established standards are disposed of according to company procedures.

Testing Rubber Gloves, Sleeves, and Blankets T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 17 Rubber sleeves are tested using the same basic procedure as that described for rubber gloves. Figure 2-3 shows sleeves attached to the test apparatus by clips. Rubber sleeves are required by OSHA to be tested at least every twelve (12) months. Figure 2-3: Sleeves in a Dielectric Tester Figure 2-4: Rubber Gloves/Rubber Sleeves

Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 18 2.1.2 Dielectric Testing of Rubber Blankets There is also an apparatus for testing rubber blankets. It consists of a metal table, which is covered by a pad, and a metal plate. The table and the pad are connected to ground. In preparation for the test, water is applied to the pad to ensure good electrical contact between the blanket being tested and ground. Figure 2-5 shows care and use of rubber blankets. Figure 2-5: Care and Use of Insulated Rubber Blankets Rubber blankets, because of their size and shape can be used to cover a wide variety of lines, equipment and hardware. Figure 2-6 shows an assortment of items used to secure blankets in place. Figure 2-6: Tools Used to Secure Rubber Blankets

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Testing Rubber Gloves, Sleeves, and Blankets T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 19 2.1.3 Visual Inspections In addition to performing dielectric tests on rubber goods, test shop personnel also subject rubber goods to thorough visual inspections. These inspections are similar to the pre-use inspections performed in the field before rubber goods are used. Rubber goods should be cleaned regularly, as well. During inspection and cleaning, defects such as punctures, tears, cracks, embedded particles, dry rot, or worn places are easy to find. If any such defects are identified during the process, the item may have to be disposed of according to company procedures. Figure 2-7: Cleaning Tools and Solutions for Rubber Gloves

Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 20 Figure 2-8 shows a rubber glove mounted on an inflator. When a rubber glove is inspected, special attention is paid to the fingers and palm. These are the areas of a glove that get the most wear. During an inspection of rubber protective gear, if a failure is noted by a qualified, competent person, the item should be discarded and not returned to service. OSHA Regulations Snap-Shot Figure 2-8: Rubber Glove Mounted on an Inflator 1926.32 (f) Competent Person means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.

Testing Rubber Gloves, Sleeves, and Blankets T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 21 Rubber blankets are typically inspected by rolling them tightly along a flat surface. As the blanket is rolled, the condition of the rubber is examined carefully and any cuts, punctures, or evidence of dry rot is noted. Figure 2-9 shows a blanket being inspected. Usually, both sides of the blanket are rolled several times in different directions to ensure that even small cracks or abrasions are detected. Figure 2-9: Rubber Blanket Inspection

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Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 22 After testing has been completed, each item is usually marked in some way to indicate that it was tested and passed. For example, some companies attach a sticker to rubber goods that indicates the test voltage applied and the date of the test (Figure 2-10). Other companies use a sticker to identify the owner of the goods and a date stamp to indicate that an item has passed all appropriate tests. The following chart illustrates one rubber glove manufacturer’s rating / usage / color coding chart for the various glove voltage levels. This particular chart lists both alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) test ratings. Note that the recommended maximum usage voltage is lower than the tested voltage in each case. For example, even though Class 1 rubber gloves are tested and rated to be safe for use on 10,000 AC volts, the maximum allowable ‘safe-use’ rating on energized lines and equipment is 7,500 volts. No rubber glove, even when brand new, should be used on voltages exceeding the manufacturer’s maximum use requirements. This safety margin is important to maintain. Figure 2-10: Test Stickers Used by Salisbury

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Testing Rubber Gloves, Sleeves, and Blankets T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 23 2.2 Field Inspections of Rubber Goods Rubber goods should always be inspected before they are used on a job. It is also good practice to check the test markings on all new rubber goods before using them. Rubber sleeves are inspected by stretching the rubber and examining it carefully for signs or rotting, cracks, or punctures. After the sleeves have been inspected, they should be carefully rolled and returned to their protective storage bag until they are needed. Rubber gloves and their leather protectors are checked separately. The fingers and the palms of the gloves are checked as shown in Figure 2-11. Figure 2-11: Checking Fingers and Palm of a Rubber Glove NOTE TO STUDENT: OSHA evaluates compliance with its electrical safety regulations, OSHA 1910 Subpart S and OSHA 1926 Subpart K, using the comprehensive information in NFPA 70E. While OSHA tells you what to do to avoid electrical dangers, this vital Standard tells you how. Please refer to the National Fire Protection Standard: NFPA 70E for Arc Flash protection compliance.

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Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 24 Then, the edges of the glove cuff are held together, and the glove is flipped around to trap air inside. This procedure inflates the glove and makes it easier to find cuts or punctures. The inflated glove should be examined again for evidence of damage, and then held up to the face (Figure 2-12) to determine if any air can be felt or heard leaking from the inflated glove. Figure 2-12: Checking for Air Leaking from an Inflated Glove Leather protectors should be inspected for tears in the leather, loose stitching, and weak spots. Any of these defects could allow a sharp object to penetrate the leather and puncture the rubber glove. After the gloves and the protectors have been inspected, the protectors should be replaced on the gloves. The gloves and protectors should be returned to their protective storage bag until they are needed. Rubber blankets are inspected by stretching the rubber and looking for obvious signs of damage. The blankets are then rolled tightly to check for any cracks or signs of dry rot that may not be evident when the blanket is laid flat. Just as with the test shop inspection, it is good practice to roll a blanket in several directions during the course of an inspection.

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Testing Rubber Gloves, Sleeves, and Blankets T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 25 Section Quiz 2-1. Why are rubber goods washed before they are tested on a dielectric test apparatus? 2-2. During dielectric testing, rubber gloves are typically filled with ___________. (air, water) 2-3. Circle the correct answer. During dielectric tests, meters are used to indicate: a) The amount of current applied to the items b) The amount of voltage applied to the items c) The amount of current leaking through the items to ground d) Both a and c e) Both b and c 2-4. True or False. Test shops typically mark defective rubber goods to indicate that they should be repaired before they are used. 2-5. True or False. During a field inspection, gloves are filled with air and then held up to the face to determine if there is air leaking from them.

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Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 26 Segment 3: Line Hose, Hoods, and Mechanical Jumpers Items such as line hose, hoods, and mechanical jumpers are generally made of heavy-duty material. For this reason, they may not be subjected to dielectric tests as frequently as gloves, sleeves, and blankets. However, thorough visual inspections are necessary to ensure that line hose, hoods, and mechanical jumpers are in good condition for use on the job. If there is ever any question about the condition of an item, or if the test sticker indicates that the item has not been tested for a long time, the item should be turned in for testing according to company procedures. 3.1 Dielectric Testing The equipment and procedures used to perform dielectric tests on line hose, hoods, and mechanical jumpers vary from company to company. However, the operating principles and the objectives of the procedure are generally similar. The line hose and the hood used as examples in this program are rated at 20,000 volts and are tested at that voltage. The mechanical jumpers are rated and tested at 15,000 volts. The time period for each of the test procedures is three minutes. Technicians commonly perform visual inspections before subjecting any item to a dielectric test procedure. For example, before testing line hose, a technician generally looks for cracks, peeling, cuts, embedded material, abrasions, and burns. OBJECTIVES: • Describe general procedures for performing dielectric tests on line hose, hoods, and mechanical jumpers. • Describe, in general terms, how to inspect line hose, hoods, and mechanical jumpers before using them on a job.

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Line Hose, Hoods, and Mechanical Jumpers T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 27 Figure 3-1 shows a device used to perform dielectric tests on line hose. After the line hose is installed in the device, a conductive metal rod is installed in each hose. The rods are then connected to the hot lead by wire jumpers. The case of the test device is connected to ground. Figure 3-1: Line Hose in a Dielectric Test Device When the test voltage is applied, it is possible to measure leakage current through the line hose to ground. However, in many companies, this test is often a pass/fail test. A problem with a line hose usually shows up as arcing, which generally indicates that the hose did not pass the test. After the test is finished, the test device is de-energized. The cause of arcing can then be determined by inspecting the failed line hose. As with other items tested, line hose that passes dielectric tests is usually marked with a stamp or patch that indicates the test date. Failure

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Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 28 The devices used to perform dielectric tests on rubber hoods vary from test shop to test shop. One example of a dielectric test device used for rubber hoods is shown in Figure 3-2. It consists of a sponge housing, in which the hood is placed, and a metal housing, which is connected to ground. In preparation for the test procedure, the sponge is dampened with water to ensure good electrical contact. The sponge and the hood are then placed inside the metal housing, and a metal rod is inserted through the entire length of the hood. The hot lead that applies the test voltage to the hood is connected to the metal rod just before the test begins. If the hood passes the test, it is marked in the same way as line hose. Figure 3-2: Dielectric Test Device for Rubber Hoods Depending on a company's procedures, mechanical jumpers may also be subjected to dielectric tests. Before testing, the jumper cable is carefully inspected for signs of cuts, cracks, or other damage. Contacts and connectors are also inspected to make sure that they are clean and operate properly.

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Line Hose, Hoods, and Mechanical Jumpers T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 29 Figure 3-3 shows an example of a device that is used to perform dielectric tests on mechanical jumpers. The device resembles a laundry tub. For the test, the tub is filled with water, and both the water and the tub are connected to ground. The jumper to be tested is placed in the tub, and each end of the jumper is connected to a metal bar above the tube. The metal bar is then connected to the hot lead that is used to apply the test voltage. Figure 3-3: Dielectric Test Device for Mechanical Jumpers After the jumper has been connected to the test device, the area is secured, and the hot lead is energized. The test voltage is applied to the jumper for a specified period of time, and leakage current is monitored. Jumpers that pass the test are marked in a manner similar to that used for hoods and line hose. When mechanical jumpers are in use, they are almost always energized. For this reason, they should be treated like energized conductors. If it is necessary to leave a jumper in place for a period of time, it is important to make sure that the jumper is securely fastened and clear of any obstructions.

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Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 30 3.2 Visual Inspections in the Field Line hose and rubber hoods are generally stored in special compartments on a truck. This compartment may be the same one used for rolled blankets, gloves, and sleeves. Tools, sharp objects, chemicals, and solvents should never be stored in this compartment, because they could damage the rubber goods. Jumpers also require special compartments that are large enough for them to be coiled loosely, without kinking or bending. Many companies have specific guidelines covering the visual inspection of hoods, line hose, and mechanical jumpers. In general, line hose and hoods should be inspected for surface damage inside and out. Evidence of damage may include cuts, abrasions, punctures, burns, dirt, cuts, and embedded material. After the outside surface of the item is inspected, line hose or hoods can be peeled open so that the inside surface can be carefully examined. Figure 3-4 shows a lineman examining the inside surfaces of a line hose. Figure 3-4: Inspecting Inside Surfaces of a Line Hose Mechanical jumpers are inspected to ensure that all of their parts are in good condition and free from damage. Connectors are checked for smooth operation, and contacts are checked to be sure they are not dirty or damaged. The jumper cable is examined to be certain it is free of abrasions and cuts.

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Line Hose, Hoods, and Mechanical Jumpers T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 31 Section Quiz 3-1. True or False. It is especially important to inspect line hose, hoods, and mechanical jumpers before using them on a job because these items tend to be tested less frequently than items such as rubber gloves and sleeves. 3-2. Although it is possible to measure leakage current through line hose to ground, a dielectric test of line hose is often a __________________ test. 3-3. When a rubber hood is inserted into a sponge housing for dielectric testing, the sponge is dampened to ensure __________________________________. 3-4. Circle the correct answer. Line hose and rubber hoods may be stored in the same compartment with: a) Rubber gloves b) Tools c) Chemicals d) Cleaning solvents e) All of the above 3-5. True or False. Connectors on mechanical jumpers should be checked for smooth operation.

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Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 32 Segment 4: Hot Sticks OSHA Regulations Snap-Shot Hot sticks are specialized tools that allow linemen to work safely on energized lines and equipment. Like other specialized tools and protective equipment, hot sticks require proper care and storage, periodic testing, and pre-use inspections. In many companies, linemen commonly use hot sticks when working on energized lines and equipment. Hot sticks are manufactured in a variety of shapes and designs, but they all have the same basic purpose: to provide an insulating barrier between linemen and energized conductors. Hot sticks are constructed from non-conductive materials such as fiberglass or wood. They generally have a high-gloss coating, which repels moisture, and causes it to bead up. This coating is very important during inclement weather. Unless moisture beads up and runs off the hot stick, it could allow dirt and other contaminants to collect on the surface of the stick and act as conductors. The accumulation of contaminants could cause the stick's insulating properties to break down, and prevent the stick from offering adequate protection. 1910.269 (j) Live-line tools. (1) Design of tools . Live-line tool rods, tubes, and poles shall be designed and constructed to withstand the following minimum tests: (i) If the tool is made of fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP), it shall withstand 328,100 volts per meter (100,000 volts per foot) of length for 5 minutes, or Note to paragraph (j)(1)(i) : Live-line tools using rod and tube that meet ASTM F711-02 (2007), Standard Specification for Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Rod and Tube Used in Live Line Tools , are deemed to comply with paragraph (j)(1) of this section. (ii) If the tool is made of wood, it shall withstand 246,100 volts per meter (75,000 volts per foot) of length for 3 minutes, or (iii) The tool shall withstand other tests that the employer can demonstrate are equivalent. OBJECTIVES: • Describe how to care for and store hot sticks. • Describe how to perform a pre-use inspection on a hot stick. • Describe how to use a portable tester to perform a dielectric test on a hot stick.

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Hot Sticks T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 33 4.1 Care and Storage of Hot Sticks In order for hot sticks to remain in good condition, they must be properly cared for and stored. In many cases, hot sticks are stored in special bags or in trailers, like the one shown in Figure 4-1. In some cases, the trailers are heated to keep them free from moisture. Figure 4-1: Trailer Used to Store Hot Sticks

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Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 34 Trailers used to store hot sticks are often equipped with special racks and bins (Figure 4-2). The racks prevent the hot sticks from being chipped or broken, and also protect their finish. In many cases, tie- downs are used to further secure the hot sticks while the trailer is being moved from one place to another. Figure 4-2: Interior of a Hot Stick Storage Trailer

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Hot Sticks T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 35 At a work site, a tarpaulin (Figure 4-3) or special rack is used to hold hot sticks when they are not in use. Hot sticks should never be placed on the ground or left leaning against a pole. Figure 4-3: Hot Sticks on a Tarpaulin 4.2 Pre-Use Inspection Hot sticks should be inspected, and cleaned, if necessary, before they are used. Depending on company procedures, special waxes or liquids may be used to clean hot sticks and maintain their finish. As the stick is being cleaned, its surface can be inspected for cracks, cuts, or chips that could reduce the stick’s ability to insulate its user from electrical hazards. OSHA Regulations Snap-Shot 1910.269(j) (2) Condition of tools. (i) Each live-line tool shall be wiped clean and visually inspected for defects before use each day. (ii) If any defect or contamination that could adversely affect the insulating qualities or mechanical integrity of the live-line tool is present after wiping, the tool shall be removed from service and examined and tested according to paragraph (j)(2)(iii) of this section before being returned to service.

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Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 36 A pre-use inspection should also include a check of all mechanical devices and couplings on the hot stick to be sure that they are in good operating condition. It is also good practice to check that the rivets or screws that hold the ferrule (Figure 4-4) to a hot stick are securely in place. Figure 4-4: Ferrule on a Hot Stick 4.3 Dielectric Testing The manner in which companies handle the dielectric testing of hot sticks varies. In some cases, dielectric testing may be performed in a company test shop. In other cases, sticks may be returned to the manufacturer for periodic testing. In addition to these routine tests, spot checks may be performed in the field using a portable dielectric tester. OSHA Regulations Snap-Shot 1910.134 (f) Training. (1) The employer shall provide training to each employee who is required by this section to use PPE. Each such employee shall be trained to know at least the following: (i) When PPE is necessary; (ii) What PPE is necessary; (iii) How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE; (iv) The limitations of the PPE; and, (v) The proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of the PPE.

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Hot Sticks T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 37 The portable dielectric tester shown in Figure 4-5 consists of several pairs of electrodes, which apply test voltage to a hot stick; a meter that gives a pass/fail indication of leakage current; and a test stick. This tester requires a l20-volt AC power supply. Figure 4-5: Portable Dielectric Tester

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Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 38 In order to perform a dielectric test on a hot stick, the tester must first be plugged into a power source. The meter must then be zeroed. This is done by turning an adjustment control (Figure 4-6) on the device until the needle on the meter is in the appropriate position. Figure 4-6: Zero Adjustment Control Before an actual test is performed, the accuracy of the test device should be checked. A special test stick is provided with some testers to test the operation of the unit. The test stick is inserted into the tester between the electrodes. The unit is operating properly if the test stick causes the meter to show a "fail" indication.

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Hot Sticks T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 39 After it has been established that the test device is operating properly, the hot stick can be tested. The first step is to place the unit over one end of the hot stick. When the stick is properly positioned, the meter is read. If the meter shows a "pass" indication, the test device is lifted off of the stick and lowered onto the next section. This sequence continues until the entire stick has been tested. If the meter shows a "fail" indication, the stick should not be used. The test device should never be dragged along the stick, because dragging could damage the electrodes. To avoid damage, the test device should be carefully lifted off of or lowered onto the stick. Figure 4-7 shows testing being performed in a Test Facility for dielectric tests on hot sticks. During this procedure, it is important to make sure that the stick is placed firmly in the slot and that all parts of the stick’s surface are tested. A hot stick that passes a dielectric test and a visual inspection can safely be used. Figure 4-7: Dielectric Tests Being Performed on Hot Sticks in a Test Facility

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Care and Testing of Tools and Equipment T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 40 Section Quiz 4-1. List two characteristics that most hot sticks have in common. a) ___________________________ b) ___________________________ 4-2. True or False. Hot sticks are commonly protected from damage by being stored in special bags or trailers. 4-3. Why is it important to inspect hot sticks for cracks, cuts, and chips? 4-4. True or False. At a work site, it is good practice to lean hot sticks against clean surfaces in warm weather so the sunlight can dry their finish. 4-5. True or False. The electrodes on a portable dielectric tester could be damaged if the tester is pulled along the surface of a hot stick.

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Hot Sticks T&D PowerSkills Lineman Training – Edition II Page 41 Appendix A: Glossary This glossary contains terms pertinent to the care and testing of tools and equipment commonly used by transmission and distribution linemen. The meanings of the terms are given in that context. Dielectric test - A test that measures the insulating properties of items such as rubber gloves, line hose, and bucket trucks. Dielectric tester - A test device that measures the insulating ability of personal protection items or equipment. Hot stick - A specialized tool that insulates linemen from energized lines and equipment. Inflator - A device that is used to fill items such as rubber gloves with compressed air; commonly used to perform thorough visual inspections in test shops. Leakage current - The amount of current leaking to ground during a dielectric test procedure. Load cell - An electronic device that senses the amount of stress placed on a boom and converts it to an electrical signal that can be analyzed; commonly used in acoustic emission testing. Pull - A term used to describe the application of stress to a boom during an acoustic emission test. Strain gauge - A type of gauge used to indicate the amount of stress being placed on a boom; commonly used during acoustic emission testing. Test mark - Any one of a number of indicators such as stamps or stickers that are placed on items after they have passed dielectric tests; the mark may include the date of test and/or the owner of the item. Test voltage - A specific voltage applied during a dielectric test. Variac - A control device commonly found on dielectric test sets that allows voltage to be applied gradually.

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